Sección: IX WOOD AND ARTICLES OF WOOD; WOOD CHARCOAL; CORK AND ARTICLES OF CORK; MANUFACTURES OF STRAW, OF ESPARTO OR OF OTHER PLAITING MATERIALS; BASKETWARE AND WICKERWORK
Capítulo: 44 Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal

Chapter 44


Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal

Notes.

1.- This Chapter does not cover: (a) Wood, in chips, in shavings, crushed, ground or powdered, of a kind used primarily in perfumery, in pharmacy, or for insecticidal, fungicidal or similar purposes (heading 12.11); (b) Bamboos or other materials of a woody nature of a kind used primarily for plaiting, in the rough, whether or not split, sawn lengthwise or cut to length (heading 14.01); (c) Wood, in chips, in shavings, ground or powdered, of a kind used primarily in dyeing or in tanning (heading 14.04); (d) Activated charcoal (heading 38.02); (e) Articles of heading 42.02; (f) Goods of Chapter 46; (g) Footwear or parts thereof of Chapter 64; (h) Goods of Chapter 66 (for example, umbrellas and walking-sticks and parts thereof); (ij) Goods of heading 68.08; (k) Imitation jewellery of heading 71.17;

(l) Goods of Section XVI or Section XVII (for example, machine parts, cases, covers, cabinets for machines and apparatus and wheelwrights’ wares);

(m) Goods of Section XVIII (for example, clock cases and musical instruments and parts thereof);

(n) Parts of firearms (heading 93.05);

(o) Articles of Chapter 94 (for example, furniture, lamps and lighting fittings, prefabricated buildings);

(p) Articles of Chapter 95 (for example, toys, games, sports requisites);

(q) Articles of Chapter 96 (for example, smoking pipes and parts thereof, buttons, pencils) excluding bodies and handles, of wood, for articles of heading 96.03; or (r) Articles of Chapter 97 (for example, works of art). 2.- In this Chapter, the expression “densified wood” means wood which has been subjected to chemical or physical treatment (being, in the case of layers bonded together, treatment in excess of that needed to ensure a good bond), and which has thereby acquired increased density or hardness together with improved mechanical strength or resistance to chemical or electrical agencies.

3.- Headings 44.14 to 44.21 apply to articles of the respective descriptions of particle board or similar board, fibreboard, laminated wood or densified wood as they apply to such articles of wood.

4.- Products of heading 44.10, 44.11 or 44.12 may be worked to form the shapes provided for in respect of the goods of heading 44.09, curved, corrugated, perforated, cut or formed to shapes other than square or rectangular or submitted to any other operation provided it does not give them the character of articles of other headings.



5.- Heading 44.17 does not apply to tools in which the blade, working edge, working surface or other working part is formed by any of the materials specified in Note 1 to Chapter 82.

6.- Subject to Note 1 above and except where the context otherwise requires, any reference to “wood” in a heading of this Chapter applies also to bamboos and other materials of a woody nature.
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Subheading Notes.

1.- For the purposes of subheading 4401.31, the expression “wood pellets” means by-products such as cutter shavings, sawdust or chips, of the mechanical wood processing industry, furniture-making industry or other wood transformation activities, which have been agglomerated either directly by compression or by the addition of a binder in a proportion not exceeding 3% by weight. Such pellets are cylindrical, with a diameter not exceeding 25 mm and a length not exceeding 100 mm.

2.- For the purposes of subheadings 4403.41 to 4403.49, 4407.21 to 4407.29, 4408.31 to 4408.39 and 4412.31, the expression “tropical wood” means one of the following types of wood:

Abura, Acajou d'Afrique, Afrormosia, Ako, Alan, Andiroba, Aningré, Avodiré, Azobé, Balau, Balsa, Bossé clair, Bossé foncé, Cativo, Cedro, Dabema, Dark Red Meranti, Dibétou, Doussié, Framiré, Freijo, Fromager, Fuma, Geronggang, Ilomba, Imbuia, Ipé, Iroko, Jaboty, Jelutong, Jequitiba, Jongkong, Kapur, Kempas, Keruing, Kosipo, Kotibé, Koto, Light Red Meranti, Limba, Louro, Maçaranduba, Mahogany, Makoré, Mandioqueira, Mansonia, Mengkulang, Meranti Bakau, Merawan, Merbau, Merpauh, Mersawa, Moabi, Niangon, Nyatoh, Obeche, Okoumé, Onzabili, Orey, Ovengkol, Ozigo, Padauk, Paldao, Palissandre de Guatemala, Palissandre de Para, Palissandre de Rio, Palissandre de Rose, Pau Amarelo, Pau Marfim, Pulai, Punah, Quaruba, Ramin, Sapelli, Saqui-Saqui, Sepetir, Sipo, Sucupira, Suren, Tauari, Teak, Tiama, Tola, Virola, White Lauan, White Meranti, White Seraya, Yellow Meranti.
GENERAL

This Chapter covers unmanufactured wood, semi-finished products of wood and, in general, articles of wood.

These products may be grouped broadly as follows:

(1) Wood in the rough (as felled, split, roughly squared, debarked, etc.) and fuel wood, wood waste and scrap, sawdust, wood in chips or particles; hoopwood, poles, piles, pickets, stakes, etc.; wood charcoal; wood wool and wood flour; railway or tramway sleepers (generally headings 44.01 to 44.06). However, the Chapter excludes wood, in chips, in shavings, crushed, ground or powdered, of a kind used primarily in perfumery, in pharmacy, or for insecticidal, fungicidal or similar purposes (heading 12.11) and wood, in chips, in shavings, ground or powdered, of a kind used primarily in dyeing or in tanning (heading 14.04).

(2) Sawn, chipped, sliced, peeled, planed, sanded, end-jointed, e.g., finger-jointed (i.e., jointed by a process whereby shorter pieces of wood are glued together end to end, with joints resembling interlaced fingers, in order to obtain a greater length of wood) and continuously shaped wood (headings 44.07 to 44.09).

(3) Particle board and similar board, fibreboard, laminated wood and densified wood (headings 44.10 to 44.13).

(4) Articles of wood (except certain kinds specified in Note 1 to this Chapter and which, together with others, are referred to in the Explanatory Notes to particular headings below) (headings 44.14 to 44.21).

As a general rule, building panels composed of layers of wood and plastics are classified in this Chapter. Classification of these panels depends on their external surface or surfaces which normally give them their essential character in terms of their intended uses. Thus, for example, a building panel, used as a structural element in roofing, wall or floor applications and consisting of an external layer of particle board and a layer of insulating material of plastics, is classified in heading 44.10, whatever the thickness of the layer of plastics, since it is the rigid, strong, wood portion which allows the panel to be used as a structural element, the plastics having a subsidiary insulation function. On the other hand, a panel in which a wood backing serves merely as a support for an exterior surface of plastics is, in most cases, classified in Chapter 39.

Articles of wood presented unassembled or disassembled are classified with the corresponding complete articles, provided the parts are presented together. Similarly, accessories or parts of glass, marble, metal or other material presented with wooden articles to which they belong are classified with such articles whether fitted thereto or not.

Headings 44.14 to 44.21 which cover manufactured articles of wood, apply to such articles whether made of ordinary wood or of particle board or similar board, fibreboard, laminated wood or densified wood (see Note 3 to this Chapter).

Generally speaking, throughout the Nomenclature, the classification of wood is not affected by treatment necessary for its preservation, such as seasoning, superficial charring, priming and stopping, or impregnation with creosote or other wood preservatives (e.g., coal tar, pentachlorophenol (ISO), chromated copper arsenate or ammoniacal copper arsenate); nor is it affected by reason of being painted, stained or varnished. However, these general considerations do not apply in the case of the subheadings of headings 44.03 and 44.06, where specific classification provision has been made for particular categories of painted, stained or preservative-treated wood.

Certain materials of a woody nature, e.g., bamboo and osier, are used mainly in making articles of basketware. In the unmanufactured state such materials are classified in heading 14.01, and in the form of articles of basketware in Chapter 46. However, products such as bamboo in chips or particles (used for the manufacture of particle board, fibreboard or cellulose pulp) and articles of bamboo or other woody materials, other than basketware, furniture or other articles specifically included in other Chapters, are classified in this Chapter with the corresponding products or articles of true wood, except where the context otherwise requires (e.g., in the case of headings 44.10 and 44.11) (see Note 6 to this Chapter).
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Subheading Explanatory Note.

Names of certain tropical woods

For the purposes of Subheading Note 2 to this Chapter and the relevant subheadings of headings 44.03, 44.07, 44.08 and 44.12, the names of tropical woods are designated according to the pilot-names recommended by the International Technical Association for Tropical Timber (l’Association technique internationale des bois tropicaux) (ATIBT). The pilot-name is based on the popular name employed in the principal country of production or of consumption.

The relevant pilot-names, together with corresponding scientific names and local names, are listed in the Annex to the Explanatory Notes to this Chapter.

44.01 Fuel wood, in logs, in billets, in twigs, in faggots or in similar forms; wood in chips or particles; sawdust and wood waste and scrap, whether or not agglomerated in logs, briquettes, pellets or similar forms.


This heading covers:

(A) Fuel wood, which is generally in the form of:

(B) Wood in chips or particles, i.e., wood mechanically reduced into small chips (flat, rigid and roughly squared) or particles (thin and flexible) used for producing cellulose pulp by mechanical means, by chemical means or by combining mechanical and chemical means or for the manufacture of fibreboard or particle board. By virtue of Note 6 to this Chapter, the heading also includes similar products obtained, for example, from bamboo.
(C) Sawdust, whether or not agglomerated in logs, briquettes, pellets or similar forms.

(D) Wood waste and scrap, not usable as timber. These materials are used in particular for pulping (manufacture of paper) and in the manufacture of particle board and fibreboard and as fuel. Such waste and scrap includes, saw mill or planing mill rejects; manufacturing waste; broken planks; old crates unusable as such; bark and shavings (whether or not agglomerated in logs, briquettes, pellets or similar forms); other waste and scrap of joinery and carpentry; spent dyewood and tanning wood or bark. The heading also includes wood waste and scrap segregated from construction and demolition waste and not usable as timber. However, wood articles so segregated and suitable for reuse as such (e.g., beams, planks, doors) are classified in their appropriate headings.

The heading also excludes:

(a) Wood and wood waste coated with resin or otherwise made up as firelighters (heading 36.06).

(b) Logs of the kind used for pulping or for the manufacture of match sticks (heading 44.03); these, unlike fuel logs, are carefully graded, may be barked or peeled and are generally not broken, split, curved, knotty or forked.

(c) Chipwood of a kind used for plaiting or making sieves, chip-boxes, pill-boxes, etc., and wood shavings used in the manufacture of vinegar or for the clarification of liquids (heading 44.04).

(d) Wood wool and wood flour (heading 44.05).

44.02 Wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal), whether or not agglomerated.

Wood charcoal is obtained when wood is carbonised out of contact with air. It is classified in this heading whether in the form of blocks, sticks or in granules or powder, or agglomerated with tar or other substances in briquettes, tablets, balls, etc.

Wood charcoal, unlike animal or mineral carbon, is lighter than water and in the piece shows the grain of wood.

The similar products obtained by carbonising coconut or other shells also fall in this heading.

The heading excludes:

(a) Wood charcoal put up in the form of medicaments as defined in Chapter 30.

(b) Wood charcoal mixed with incense, put up in tablets or other forms (heading 33.07).

(c) Activated carbon (heading 38.02).

(d) Drawing charcoals (charcoal pencils) (heading 96.09).

44.03 Wood in the rough, whether or not stripped of bark or sapwood, or roughly squared.
This heading includes timber in the natural state as felled, usually with the branches lopped off, and such timber stripped of its outer or both its outer and inner bark or from which merely the rough protuberances have been removed. It also includes wood from which the waste outer layers, consisting of the most recent growths (sapwood), have been removed for economy in transport or to prevent decay.

The principal products classified here, when of the above description, include : timber for sawing; poles for telephone, telegraph or electrical power transmission lines; unpointed and unsplit piles, pickets, stakes, poles and props; round pit-props; logs, whether or not quarter-split, for pulping; round logs for the manufacture of veneer sheets, etc.; logs for the manufacture of match sticks, woodware, etc.

Telegraph, telephone or electrical power transmission poles are also to be classified in this heading when further trimmed with a draw knife or peeled with a mechanical peeler to a smooth surface ready for use. These poles are often painted, stained, varnished or impregnated with creosote or other substances.

Tree stumps and roots of special woods, and certain growths such as those used for making veneers or smoking pipes, also fall here.

The heading also includes roughly squared wood which consists of trunks or sections of trunks of trees, the round surfaces of which have been reduced to flat surfaces by means of axe or adze, or by coarse sawing, to form wood of roughly rectangular (including square) cross-section; roughly squared wood is characterised by the presence of rough areas or bark traces. Half-squared wood, which is wood prepared in this manner on two opposite faces only, is also classified here. Timber is prepared in these forms for sawmills or may be used as such, e.g., as roofing timber.

Certain kinds of timber (e.g., teak) are split by wedges or hewn into baulks along the grain; such baulks are also regarded as falling in this heading.

The heading excludes:

(a) Roughly trimmed wood suitable for the manufacture of walking-sticks, umbrellas, tool handles or the like (heading 44.04).

(b) Wood cut into the form of railway or tramway sleepers (cross-ties) (heading 44.06).

(c) Wood cut into the form of planks, beams, etc. (heading 44.07 or 44.18).

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Subheading Explanatory Note.

Subheading 4403.10

Subheading 4403.10 covers those products which have been treated with paint, stains, creosote or other preservatives, such as coal tar, pentachlorophenol (ISO), chromated copper arsenate or ammoniacal copper arsenate, with a view to their long-term preservation.

It does not include products treated with substances for the purpose of simply maintaining them during shipment or storage.

44.04 Hoopwood; split poles; piles, pickets and stakes of wood, pointed but not sawn lengthwise; wooden sticks, roughly trimmed but not turned, bent or otherwise worked, suitable for the manufacture of walking-sticks, umbrellas, tool handles or the like; chipwood and the like.
This heading covers:

(1) Hoopwood, consisting of split rods of willow, hazel, birch, etc., whether with the bark or roughly shaved, and used in the manufacture of barrel hoops, hurdles, etc. Hoopwood is usually put up in bundles or coils.

Hoopwood cut to length and notched at the ends for interlocking when fitted to the barrel falls in heading 44.16.

(2) Split poles, consisting of stems or branches of trees split along the length. These are largely used as supports in horticulture and agriculture, for fencing or in some cases as ceiling or roofing laths.

(3) Pointed piles, pickets and stakes (including fence posts), consisting of round or split poles, pointed at the ends, whether or not peeled or impregnated with preservative, but not sawn lengthwise.

(4) Wooden sticks, roughly trimmed but not turned, bent or otherwise worked, of a length and thickness clearly suitable for the manufacture of walking-sticks, whips, golf-club shafts, umbrellas, handles for tools, besoms, etc., dyeing sticks and the like.

Similar wood which has been planed, turned (on an ordinary or a pole lathe), bent, or otherwise further worked and is recognisable as umbrella handles, walking-sticks, tool handles, etc., is classified in the headings for the respective articles.

(5) Chipwood, that is, wood sliced, peeled or sometimes sawn in flexible, narrow, thin and even strips of a kind used for plaiting and for making sieves, chip-boxes, chip-baskets, pill-boxes, match-boxes, etc. It also includes similar strips of wood for making match splints and boot or shoe pegs.

The heading also covers wood shavings, usually of beech or hazel, which resemble coiled chipwood and are used in the manufacture of vinegar or for the clarification of liquids; these can be distinguished from the waste shavings of heading 44.01 because they are of uniform thickness, width and length and are evenly coiled into rolls. Blanks for brush bodies or for boot or shoe lasts fall in heading 44.17.

44.05 Wood wool; wood flour.

Wood woolconsists of fine slivers of wood, curled or twisted to form a tangled mass. The slivers are of regular size and thickness and of considerable length (thus differing from ordinary wood shavings of heading 44.01). They are manufactured in this form from logs (of poplars, coniferous wood, etc.) by a special shaving machine. Wood wool is usually presented in pressed bales.

Wood wool remains in this heading if dyed, gummed, etc., or if roughly twisted together or put in the form of sheets between layers of paper. It is used mainly for packing or stuffing purposes. It is also used in the manufacture of agglomerated panels (e.g., certain boards of heading 44.10 or 68.08).

Wood flouris a powder obtained by grinding sawdust, shavings or other wood waste or by sifting sawdust. It is used largely as a filler in the plastics industry, for the manufacture of particle board and in the manufacture of linoleum. Wood flour can be distinguished from sawdust of heading 44.01 on the basis of the smaller size and greater regularity of its particles.

Similar flour made from shells of coconuts or the like is excluded (heading 14.04).

44.06 Railway or tramway sleepers (cross-ties) of wood.
This heading covers unplaned wood in pieces of more or less rectangular section of the kind commonly used to support railway or tramway track. The heading also includes switch ties, which are longer than sleepers, and bridge ties, which are wider and thicker and usually longer than sleepers.

The edges of these products may be roughly chamfered and they may be provided with holes or seatings for fixing the rails or chairs. They may also sometimes be strengthened at the ends by means of staples, nails, bolts or steel strips to prevent their splitting.

The products of this heading may be surface treated with insecticides or fungicides for the purpose of protection. For long-term preservation they are often impregnated with creosote or other substances.
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Subheading Explanatory Note.

Subheadings 4406.10 and 4406.90

For the purposes of classification in these subheadings, the expression “impregnated” means treated with creosote or other preservatives with a view to their long-term preservation. It does not include sleepers treated with a fungicide or insecticide for the purpose of protecting them from fungi or parasites simply during shipment or storage, which are to be classified as “not impregnated”.

44.07 Wood sawn or chipped lengthwise, sliced or peeled, whether or not planed, sanded or end-jointed, of a thickness exceeding 6 mm.
With a few exceptions, this heading covers all wood and timber, of any length but of a thickness exceeding 6 mm, sawn or chipped along the general direction of the grain or cut by slicing or peeling. Such wood and timber includes sawn beams, planks, flitches, boards, laths, etc., and products regarded as the equivalent of sawn wood or timber, which are obtained by the use of chipping machines and which have been chipped to extremely accurate dimensions, a process which results in a surface better than that obtained by sawing and which thereby renders subsequent planing unnecessary. It also includes sheets of sliced or peeled (rotary cut) wood, and wooden blocks, strips and friezes for flooring, other than those which have been continuously shaped along any of their edges, ends or faces (heading 44.09).

It is to be noted that the wood of this heading need not necessarily be of rectangular (including square) section nor of uniform section along the length.

The products of this heading may be planed (whether or not the angle formed by two adjacent sides is slightly rounded during the planing process), sanded or end-jointed, e.g. finger-jointed (see the General Explanatory Note to this Chapter).

The heading also excludes:

(a) Wood roughly squared, e.g., by coarse sawing (heading 44.03).

(b) Chipwood and the like (heading 44.04).

(c) Veneer sheets and sheets for plywood (and other wood not elsewhere specified or included) of a thickness not exceeding 6 mm (heading 44.08).

(d) Wood continuously shaped along any of its edges, ends or faces, of heading 44.09.

(e) Strips and friezes of wood of heading 44.12.

(f) Builders’ joinery and carpentry (heading 44.18).

44.08 Sheets for veneering (including those obtained by slicing laminated wood), for plywood or for similar laminated wood and other wood, sawn lengthwise, sliced or peeled, whether or not planed, sanded, spliced or end-jointed, of a thickness not exceeding 6 mm.
This heading applies to wood, whether actually to be used for veneering or making plywood or for other purposes (for violins, cigar boxes, etc.), in sheets of a thickness not exceeding 6 mm (excluding any reinforcing material), obtained by sawing, slicing or peeling (rotary cutting), whether or not smoothed, dyed, coated or impregnated, or reinforced with paper or fabric backings, or in decorative sheets imitating marquetry.

Woods used for the manufacture of plywood are generally cut by the peeling process in which the log, usually prepared by steaming, or soaking in hot water, is turned on its axis against the blade of the peeling machine so that it is cut in a continuous sheet.

In slicing the log of wood, often first steamed or soaked in hot water, is cut by knives driven against it in a vertical or horizontal shearing action, the log moving towards the knife or vice versa after each operation. In a variation of the process, the log is moved forward against a stationary knife. In this way the wood is sliced into very thin sheets.

Sheets for veneering are also produced by slicing blocks of laminated wood as a substitute for veneer sheets made by the traditional method.

The sheets of this heading may be spliced (i.e., taped, stitched or glued together edge to edge to make larger sheets for use in plywood and similar laminated wood). In addition, they may be planed, sanded or end-jointed, e.g. finger-jointed (see the General Explanatory Note to this Chapter). Moreover, the fact that a sheet for plywood has been patched with paper, plastics or wood to cover or strengthen a defect (e.g., a knot hole) does not affect the classification of such a sheet in this heading.

The sheets for veneering of fine highly grained woods used in cabinet-making veneers are more often obtained by sawing or slicing.

The heading also includes short lengths of approximately square cross-section and about 3 mm in thickness used in making fireworks, cases, toys, models, etc.

The heading excludes sliced or peeled wood in narrow strips of the kind used for plaiting or to make chip-baskets, pill-boxes, etc. (heading 44.04).

44.09 Wood (including strips and friezes for parquet flooring, not assembled) continuously shaped (tongued, grooved, rebated, chamfered, v-jointed, beaded, moulded, rounded or the like) along any of its edges, ends or faces, whether or not planed, sanded or end-jointed.


This heading covers timber, particularly in the form of boards, planks, etc., which, after sawing or squaring, has been continuously shaped along any of its edges, ends or faces either to facilitate subsequent assembly or to obtain the mouldings or beadings described in Item (4) below, whether or not planed, sanded or end-jointed, e.g. finger-jointed (see the General Explanatory Note to this Chapter). Continuously shaped wood covers both products with a uniform cross-section throughout the length or width and products having a repetitive design in relief.

Tongued and grooved wood consists of boards of which one edge or end is grooved and the other flanged (tongued), the tongue of one board fitting into the groove of another when assembled side by side.

Rebated boards are those in which one or more edges or ends have been cut to form a step.

Chamfered boards are those of which one or more corners have been removed at an angle to the face and the edge or end.

Other common forms of timber covered by the heading include:

(1) Boards with rounded edges or ends.

(2) V-jointed wood (i.e., wood tongued and grooved with chamfered edges or ends), including centre-V-jointed wood (i.e., with a V-shaped channel in the centre of the board and also usually tongued and grooved and sometimes chamfered at the edges or ends).

(3) Beaded wood (i.e., wood tongued and grooved with a simple bead between the edge or end and the tongue), including centrebeaded wood (i.e., wood tongued and grooved with a simple bead along the centre of the face).

(4) Moulded wood (also known as mouldings or beadings), i.e., strips of wood shaped to various contours (obtained mechanically or by hand), such as are used for the manufacture of picture frames, decoration of walls, furniture, doors and other carpentry or joinery.

(5) Rounded woods such as drawn woods, which are very thin rods, generally of round section, of a kind used in the manufacture of certain types of match splints, pegs for footwear, certain types of wooden sun-blinds (pinoleum blinds), toothpicks, cheese-making screens, etc. Dowelling in the length, being round wooden rods or poles of a uniform cross-section, generally ranging in diameter from 2 mm to 75 mm and in length from 45 cm to 250 cm, of a kind used, e.g., for joining parts of wooden furniture, is also classified in this heading.

The heading also covers strips and friezes for flooring consisting of narrow pieces of boards, provided they have been continuously shaped, e.g., tongued and grooved. If they have not been worked beyond planing, sanding or end-jointing, e.g. finger-jointing, they fall in heading 44.07.

Strips of plywood or veneered wood for parquet flooring are also excluded (heading 44.12).

The heading also excludes:

(a) Planed or other worked boards presented in sets as box boards (heading 44.15).

(b) Wood which has been mortised or tenoned, dovetailed or similarly worked at the ends and wood assembled into panels being builders’ carpentry or joinery (e.g., assembled flooring panels, including parquet flooring panels, made up from wooden blocks, strips, friezes, etc., whether or not on a support of one or more layers of wood) (heading 44.18).

(c) Panels consisting of laths of roughly sawn wood, assembled with glue in order to facilitate transport or later working (heading 44.21).

(d) Moulded wood built up by superimposing a moulding on another piece of moulded or unmoulded wood (heading 44.18 or 44.21).

(e) Wood which has been surface worked beyond planing or sanding, other than painting, staining or varnishing (e.g., veneered, polished, bronzed, or faced with metal leaf) (generally heading 44.21).

(f) Wooden strips of a kind clearly identifiable for incorporation in an article of furniture, such as notched strips for cupboard and bookcase shelves, etc. (heading 94.03).

44.10 Particle board, oriented strand board (OSB) and similar board (for example, waferboard) of wood or other ligneous materials, whether or not agglomerated with resins or other organic binding substances.


Particle board is a flat product manufactured in various lengths, widths and thicknesses by pressing or extrusion. It is usually made from wood chips or particles obtained by the mechanical reduction of roundwood or wood residues. It may also be produced from other ligneous materials such as fragments obtained from bagasse, bamboo, cereal straw or from flax or hemp shives. Particle board is normally agglomerated by means of an added organic binder, usually a thermosetting resin, which generally does not exceed 15% of the weight of the board.

The chips, particles or other fragments constituting the particle boards of this heading are usually recognisable at the edges of the board with the naked eye. However, in some cases, microscopic examination may be required to distinguish the particles and fragments from the ligno-cellulosic fibres characterising the fibreboard of heading 44.11.

This heading also covers:

(1) Oriented strand board, which is made from layers of thin strands of wood which are at least twice as long as they are wide. These strands are mixed with binders (usually waterproof) such as isocyanate or phenolic resins, interleaved together and laid down in layers forming a thick mat in which the strands are generally oriented lengthwise in the surface layers and generally cross oriented or laid down randomly in the inner layers in order to give the board improved elastomechanical properties. The mat is subjected to heat and pressure producing a solid, uniform, rigid structural board.

(2) Waferboard, which is made from thin wafers of wood which are less than twice as long as they are wide. These wafers are mixed with binders (usually waterproof) such as isocyanate or phenolic resins, interleaved together and laid down randomly, thus forming a thick mat. The mat is subjected to heat and pressure producing a solid, uniform, structural board having high strength and water resistance.

The particle boards of this heading are usually sanded. Moreover, they may be impregnated with one or more substances not essential for the agglomeration of their constituent materials but which confer on the board an additional property, e.g., impermeability to water, resistance to rot, insect attack, fire or the spread of flame, chemical agencies or electricity, greater density. In the last instance, the impregnating substances attain an important proportion.

Extruded particle board may have holes running internally from end to end.

Also classified in this heading are laminated panels consisting of:

(1) particle board covered on one or both faces with fibreboard;

(2) several particle boards whether or not covered on one or both faces with fibreboard;

(3) several particle boards and several fibreboards assembled in any order.

The products of this heading remain classified herein whether or not they have been worked to form the shapes provided for in respect of the goods of heading 44.09, curved, corrugated, perforated, cut or formed to shapes other than square or rectangular and whether or not they have been worked at the surface, the edge or the end, or coated or covered (e.g., with textile fabric, plastics, paint, paper or metal) or submitted to any other operation, provided these operations do not thereby give such products the essential character of articles of other headings.

The heading does not cover:

(a) Plates or strips of plastics containing wood flour as a filler (Chapter 39).

(b) Veneered particle board and similar board (for example, oriented strand board and waferboard), whether or not with holes running internally from end to end (heading 44.12).

(c) Cellular wood panels of which both faces are particle board (heading 44.18).

(d) Boards of ligneous materials agglomerated with cement, plaster or with other mineral binding substances (heading 68.08).

Also excluded from this heading are goods having the character of articles or parts of articles more specifically covered elsewhere, whether obtained directly by pressing, extrusion or moulding or by other processes.

44.11 Fibreboard of wood or other ligneous materials, whether or not bonded with resins or other organic substances.
Fibreboard is most often manufactured from wood chips which have been mechanically defibred (defibrated) or steam exploded or from other defibred ligno-cellulosic material (obtained e.g., from bagasse or bamboo). The fibres making up the board are recognisable under microscopic examination. They are bonded together in the board by felting and by their own adhesive properties, generally deriving from their lignin content. Additional resins or other organic bonding substances may be used to agglomerate the fibres. Impregnating or other agents may also be added during or after manufacture of the board to give an extra property, e.g., impermeability to water or resistance to rot, insect attack, fire or the spread of flame. Fibreboard may consist of a single sheet or of several sheets bonded together.

The categories of fibreboard of this heading can be distinguished according to their production process and they include:

(A) Fibreboard obtained by the “dry production process”


This group includes, in particular, medium density fibreboard (MDF), which is manufactured in a process in which additional thermosetting resins are added to the dried wood fibres in order to assist the bonding process in the press. The density generally ranges from 0.45 g/cm³ to 1 g/cm³. In the unworked state it has two smooth surfaces. It can be used in many different applications such as furniture, interior decoration and in building.

Medium density fibreboard of a densityexceeding 0.8 g/cm³ is sometimes also referred to by the trade as “high density fibreboard (HDF)”.


(B) Fibreboard obtained by the “wet production process”

This group includes the following types of fibreboard:

(1) Hardboard, which is manufactured in a wet production process in which the wood fibres in suspension in water are compressed in the form of a mat under high temperature and high pressure on a metallic mesh. In the unworked state this type of fibreboard has one smooth and one rough surface with a mesh pattern. However, it can sometimes also have two smooth surfaces obtained by special surface treatment or a special production process. It generally has a density exceeding 0.8 g/cm³. Hardboard is mainly used for furniture, in the automotive industries, for doorskins and for packaging, especially fruit and vegetable packaging.

(2) Mediumboard, which is manufactured in a way similar to the one for hardboard but at a lower pressure. It generally has a density exceeding 0.35 g/cm³ but not exceeding 0.8 g/cm³. The main application is in furniture production and for interior or exterior walls.

(3) Softboard. This fibreboard is not compressed as the other types of fibreboard obtained by the wet production process. It generally has a density of 0.35 g/cm³ or less. These boards are used mainly for thermal or sound insulation in building. Special types of insulating board are used as sheathing or sarking materials.

The products of this heading remain classified herein whether or not they have been worked to form the shapes provided for in respect of the goods of heading 44.09, curved, corrugated, perforated, cut or formed to shapes other than square or rectangular and whether or not they have been worked at the surface, the edge or the end, or coated or covered (e.g., with textile fabric, plastics, paint, paper or metal) or submitted to any other operation, provided these operations do not thereby give such products the essential character of articles of other headings.

The heading does not cover:

(a) Particle board whether or not laminated with one or several fibreboards (heading 44.10).

(b) Laminated wood with a core consisting of fibreboard (heading 44.12).

(c) Cellular wood panels of which both faces are fibreboard (heading 44.18).

(d) Paperboard, such as multiplex paperboard, « presspan » and strawboard, which can generally be distinguished from fibreboard by their layer structure made apparent on cleaving (Chapter 48).

(e) Fibreboard panels clearly identifiable as parts of furniture (generally Chapter 94).

44.12 Plywood, veneered panels and similar laminated wood. This heading covers:

(1) Plywood consisting of three or more sheets of wood glued and pressed one on the other and generally disposed so that the grains of successive layers are at an angle; this gives the panels greater strength and, by compensating shrinkage, reduces warping. Each component sheet is known as a “ply” and plywood is usually formed of an odd number of plies, the middle ply being called the “core”.

(2) Veneered panels, which are panels consisting of a thin veneer of wood affixed to a base, usually of inferior wood, by glueing under pressure.

Wood veneered on to a base other than wood (e.g., panels of plastics) is also classified here provided it is the veneer which gives the panel its essential character.

(3) Similar laminated wood. This group can be divided into two categories:

However, the heading does not cover massive products such as laminated beams and arches (so-called “glulam” products) (generally heading 44.18).

The products of this heading remain classified herein whether or not they have been worked to form the shapes provided for in respect of the goods of heading 44.09, curved, corrugated, perforated, cut or formed to shapes other than square or rectangular and whether or not they have been worked at the surface, the edge or the end, or coated or covered (e.g., with textile fabric, plastics, paint, paper or metal) or submitted to any other operation, provided these operations do not thereby give such products the essential character of articles of other headings.

The heading also covers plywood panels, veneered panels and panels of similar laminated wood, used as flooring panels, some of which are referred to as “parquet flooring”. These panels have a thin veneer of wood affixed to the surface, so as to imitate an assembled flooring panel.

The heading also excludes:

(a) Thin sheets of wood for veneering, obtained by slicing laminated wood (heading 44.08).

(b) Panels of laminated densified wood (heading 44.13).

(c) Cellular wood panels and assembled flooring panels, including parquet flooring panels, or tiles including those consisting of wooden blocks, strips, friezes, etc., assembled on a support of one or more layers of wood and known as “multilayer” parquet flooring panels (heading 44.18).

(d) Wood marquetry and inlaid wood (heading 44.20).

(e) Panels clearly identifiable as parts of furniture (generally Chapter 94).
°
° °

Subheading Explanatory Note.

Subheadings 4412.10, 4412.31, 4412.32 and 4412.39

Plywood remains classified in these subheadings even if it has been surface-covered or further worked as described in the antepenultimate paragraph of the Explanatory Note to heading 44.12.

44.13 Densified wood, in blocks, plates, strips or profile shapes.

Densified wood covered by this heading has been chemically or physically treated to increase its density or hardness and improve its mechanical strength or resistance to chemical or electrical agencies. Such wood may be solid or consist of several layers bonded together, in the latter case the treatment applied being in excess of that required merely to produce a good bond between the layers.

Two main processes, impregnation and densification, are used to produce the products of this heading. These processes may be used separately or together.

In impregnation the wood is deeply impregnated, usually with thermosetting plastics or with molten metal.

Impregnation with thermosetting plastics (e.g., amino-resins or phenolic resins) is more often applied to very thin veneers built up into laminated wood than to solid wood, since penetration is thereby facilitated.

Metallised wood is obtained by plunging pieces of solid wood, previously heated, into a bath of molten metal (e.g., tin, antimony, lead, bismuth or their alloys) under pressure in a closed vessel. The density of metallised wood generally exceeds 3.5 g/cm3.

Densification has the effect of contracting the cells of the wood; this may be done by transverse compression by means of powerful hydraulic presses or between rollers, or by compression in all directions at high temperature in an autoclave. Densified wood may have a density as great as 1.4 g/cm3.

Impregnation and densification may be carried out simultaneously by glueing very thin sheets of wood (usually beech) with thermosetting plastics under heavy pressure at a high temperature so that the wood is deeply impregnated and compressed as well as bonded.

Densified wood is generally used in the manufacture of gears, shuttles, bearings and other machine parts, propellers, insulators and other electric goods, vessels for the chemical industry, etc.

44.14 Wooden frames for paintings, photographs, mirrors or similar objects.

This heading covers wooden frames of all shapes and dimensions, whether cut in one piece from a solid block of wood or built up from beadings or mouldings. The frames of the heading may also be of wood marquetry or inlaid wood.

The articles of this heading may be made of ordinary wood or of particle board or similar board, fibreboard, laminated wood or densified wood (see Note 3 to this Chapter).

Frames remain in this heading if fitted with backs, supports and plain glass.

Printed pictures and photographs presented in wooden frames are also classified in this heading when the essential character of the whole is given by the frames; in other cases such articles are classified in heading 49.11.

Framed glass mirrors are also excluded (heading 70.09).

In the case of framed paintings, drawings, pastels, collages and similar decorative plaques, and original engravings, prints and lithographs, to determine whether the framed articles are to be classified as a whole or whether the frames are to be classified separately, see Note 5 to Chapter 97 and the Explanatory Notes to headings 97.01 and 97.02.

44.15 Packing cases, boxes, crates, drums and similar packings, of wood; cable-drums of wood; pallets, box pallets and other load boards, of wood; pallet collars of wood.
The articles of this heading may be made of ordinary wood or of particle board or similar board, fibreboard, laminated wood or densified wood (see Note 3 to this Chapter).
(I) PACKING CASES, BOXES, CRATES,
DRUMS AND SIMILAR PACKINGS

This part of the heading includes:

(1) Packing cases and boxes with solid sides, lids and bottoms, used for general packing and transport purposes.

(2) Crates, fruit or vegetable boxes, egg trays and other containers with slatted sides and open tops (including those of a kind used for the transport of glassware, ceramic products, machinery, etc.).

(3) Boxes made of sliced or peeled wood (but not those of plaited wood) of the kind used for packing cheese, pharmaceutical products, etc.; match-boxes (including those with a striking surface) and conical open containers for marketing butter, fruit, etc.

(4) Drums and barrel-shaped containers, not of the kind made by coopers, such as are used for the transport of dry colours, chemicals, etc.

These containers may be presented without a lid (“open” containers such as cases, crates, etc.). They may be unassembled or partly assembled, provided the wood is in sets of the parts necessary to make a complete container or an incomplete container having the essential character of a complete container. Where the wood is not in such sets, it is to be classified as sawn or planed wood, plywood, etc., as the case may be.

The packing cases, etc., of this heading may be simply nailed or dovetailed or otherwise jointed. They may be fitted with hinges, handles, fasteners, feet or corner pieces, or lined with metal, paper, etc.

Used boxes, crates, etc., capable of further use as such, remain classified in this heading, but those not usable except as fuel are excluded (heading 44.01).

The heading also excludes:

(a) Articles of heading 42.02.

(b) Caskets, cases, and similar articles of heading 44.20.

(c) Containers specially designed and equipped for carriage by one or more modes of transport (heading 86.09).

(II) CABLE-DRUMS

Cable-drums are large drums, often with a diameter exceeding 1 m, used to hold and transport electric cables, telephone cables and similar cables. They are intended to be rolled to assist in laying the cable.
(III) PALLETS, BOX PALLETS AND OTHER LOAD BOARDS

Load boards are portable platforms for the assembly of a quantity of goods to form a unit load for handling, transportation and storage by mechanical appliances.

A pallet is a load board consisting of two decks separated by bearers or a single deck supported by feet and designed essentially for handling by means of fork-lift trucks or pallet trucks. Box pallets have a superstructure of at least three fixed, removable or collapsible vertical sides and designed for stacking with a double-decked pallet or another box pallet.

Platforms, post platforms, collar-type box platforms, side-rail platforms and end-rail platforms are other examples of load boards.
(IV) PALLET COLLARS

Pallet collars are collars made up of four pieces of wood, usually with hinges on the ends to form a frame that is placed over the pallet itself.

44.16 Casks, barrels, vats, tubs and other coopers’ products and parts thereof, of wood, including staves.

This heading is restricted to containers which are products of the coopers’ trade, that is those of which the bodies are composed of staves with grooves into which the heads and bottoms are fitted, the shape being maintained by hoops of wood or metal.

Coopers’ products include casks of various kinds (tuns, barrels, hogsheads, etc.) whether tight (for wet goods) or slack (for dry goods), as well as vats, tubs, etc.

These goods may be disassembled or partly assembled, and are sometimes lined or coated inside.

The heading also covers staves and all other wooden products, finished or not, recognisable as parts of coopers’ products (e.g., barrel heads, hoopwood cut to length and notched at the ends for assembly).

The heading also includes unfinished staves (stavewood), that is, the strips of wood used for forming the sides, heads or bottoms of barrels and other coopers’ products. Such stavewood may be in the form of:

(1) Strips cleft from sectors of tree trunks along the direction of the medullary rays. Such cleft staves may also be further flat sawn on one of the principal faces, the other face being merely trued by axe or knife.

(2) Sawn staves, provided that at least one of the two-principal faces is concave or convex, such curved surfaces being produced by sawing with a cylindrical saw.

The heading excludes:

(a) Wood which is sawn flat on both principal faces (heading 44.07 or 44.08).

(b) Containers made of staves fixed to the heads and bottoms by nailing (heading 44.15).

(c) Casks, etc., cut to shape for use as furniture (e.g., tables and chairs) (Chapter 94).

44.17 Tools, tool bodies, tool handles, broom or brush bodies and handles, of wood; boot or shoe lasts and trees, of wood.

This heading covers:

(1) Tools of wood, other than tools in which the blade, working edge, working surface or other working part is formed by any of the materials specified in Note 1 to Chapter 82.

Tools of this heading include spatulas (other than kitchenware of heading 44.19), modelling-knives, mallets or mauls, rakes, forks, shovels, bench-screws and clamps, sand-papering blocks, etc.

(2) Tool bodies of wood (e.g., stocks for planes, spokeshaves, bow saws or similar tools) not fitted with their metal working parts (blades and irons).

(3) Wooden handles, whether or not turned, for tools or implements of all kinds (e.g., handles for spades, shovels, rakes, hammers, screwdrivers, saws, files, knives, smoothing irons, date or similar stamps).

(4) Broom or brush bodies of wood. These are pieces of wood, finished or not, shaped to the actual form of broom or brush heads. They may sometimes consist of more than one piece.

(5) Brush or broom handles of wood, whether or not turned, and whether of a kind for fitting with fibres or bristles at one end (such as paint brushes) or for fixing to bodies (e.g., broom handles).

(6) Boot or shoe lasts of wood (i.e., shapes used in the manufacture of footwear) and boot or shoe trees, finished or not, for preserving the shape or for stretching footwear.

The articles of this heading may be made of ordinary wood or of particle board or similar board, fibreboard, laminated wood or densified wood (see Note 3 to this Chapter).

The heading does not cover:

(a) Wood roughly trimmed or rounded for the manufacture of tool handles (heading 44.04).

(b) Wood merely sawn (e.g., into blocks) for manufacture into articles of this heading, but not having been shaped to the stage of blanks (heading 44.07).

(c) Wooden handles for table knives, spoons and forks (heading 44.21).

(d) Hat-making blocks (heading 84.49).

(e) Casting moulds, etc., of wood, of heading 84.80.

(f) Machinery or parts of machinery (Chapter 84).

44.18 Builders’ joinery and carpentry of wood, including cellular wood panels, assembled flooring panels, shingles and shakes.
This heading applies to woodwork, including that of wood marquetry or inlaid wood, used in the construction of any kind of building, etc., in the form of assembled goods or as recognisable unassembled pieces (e.g., prepared with tenons, mortises, dovetails or other similar joints for assembly), whether or not with their metal fittings such as hinges, locks, etc.

The articles of this heading may be made of ordinary wood or of particle board or similar board, fibreboard, laminated wood or densified wood (see Note 3 to this Chapter).

The term “joinery” applies more particularly to builders’ fittings (such as doors, windows, shutters, stairs, door or window frames), whereas the term “carpentry” refers to woodwork (such as beams, rafters and roof struts) used for structural purposes or in scaffoldings, arch supports, etc., and includes assembled shuttering for concrete constructional work. However, plywood panels, even if surface treated for the purposes of concrete shuttering, are classified in heading 44.12.

Builders’ carpentry also includes glue-laminated timber (glulam), which is a structural timber product obtained by gluing together a number of wood laminations having their grain essentially parallel. Laminations of curved members are arranged so that the plane of each lamination is at 90 degrees to the plane of the applied load; thus, laminations of a straight glulam beam are laid flat.


This heading also covers cellular wood panels which are somewhat similar in appearance to the blockboard and battenboard described in the Explanatory Note to heading 44.12, but the battens or laths forming the core are spaced one from the other, either parallel or in lattice form. In certain cases the panels may consist of facing sheets separated by an internal frame at the edges only. The interstices may be packed with sound-insulating or heat-resisting materials (e.g., cork, glass wool, wood pulp, asbestos). The facing sheets may be of solid wood, particle board or similar board, fibreboard or plywood, and the panels (like those in heading 44.12) may be faced with base metal. Panels of this kind are relatively light but strong and are used for partitions, doors and sometimes in the manufacture of furniture.

This heading also covers solid blocks, strips, friezes, etc., assembled into flooring panels (including parquet panels) or tiles, with or without borders. It also includes flooring panels or tiles consisting of blocks, strips, friezes, etc., assembled on a support of one or more layers of wood, known as “multilayer” parquet flooring panels. The top layer (wear layer) is commonly made from two or more rows of strips making up the panel. These panels or tiles may be tongued and grooved at the edges to facilitate assembly.

A shingle is wood sawn lengthwise which is generally thicker than 5 mm at one end (the butt) but thinner than 5 mm at the other end (the tip). It may have its edges resawn to be parallel; its butt may be resawn to be at right angles to its edges or to form a curve or other shape. One of its faces may be sanded from the butt to the tip or grooved along its length.

A shake is wood split by hand or machine from a bolt or block. Its face reveals the natural texture of the wood resulting from the splitting process. Shakes are sometimes sawn lengthwise through their thicknesses to obtain two shakes, each then having a split face and a sawn back.

The heading does not cover:

(a) Plywood panels, veneered panels or panels of similar laminated wood, used as flooring panels, which have a thin veneer of wood affixed to the surface so as to imitate an assembled flooring panel of heading 44.18 (heading 44.12).

(b) Cupboards, with or without backs, even if designed to be nailed or otherwise secured to the ceiling or wall (heading 94.03).

(c) Prefabricated buildings (heading 94.06).
°
° °

Subheading Explanatory Note.

Subheading 4418.71

Assembled flooring panels for mosaic floors are prefabricated panels composed of a number of separate square or rectangular elements and possibly including “cabochons” (small square, rectangular, triangle, diamond or otherwise shaped wooden pieces used as fillers to attain the desired pattern). The strips are laid out according to a certain pattern, e.g., chequered, “basket-weave” and herringbone (see examples below).

44.19 Tableware and kitchenware, of wood.

This heading covers only household articles of wood, whether or not turned, or of wood marquetry or inlaid wood, which are of the nature of tableware or kitchenware. It does not, however, cover goods which are primarily ornamental in character, nor furniture.

The articles of this heading may be made of ordinary wood or of particle board or similar board, fibreboard, laminated wood or densified wood (see Note 3 to this Chapter).

The heading includes : spoons, forks, salad-servers; platters and serving-dishes; jars, cups and saucers; common spice-boxes and other kitchen containers; crumb-scoops, not incorporating brushes; napkin rings; rolling pins; pastry moulds; butter patters; pestles; nutcrackers; trays; bowls; bread boards; chopping boards; plate racks; capacity measures for use in the kitchen.

The heading does not cover:

(a) Coopers’ products (heading 44.16).

(b) Wooden parts of tableware or kitchenware (heading 44.21).

(c) Brushes and brooms (heading 96.03).

(d) Hand sieves (heading 96.04).

44.20 Wood marquetry and inlaid wood; caskets and cases for jewellery or cutlery, and similar articles, of wood; statuettes and other ornaments, of wood; wooden articles of furniture not falling in chapter 94.
This heading covers panels of wood marquetry and inlaid wood, including those partly of material other than wood.

The articles of this heading may be made of ordinary wood or of particle board or similar board, fibreboard, laminated wood or densified wood (see Note 3 to this Chapter).

It also covers a wide variety of articles of wood (including those of wood marquetry or inlaid wood), generally of careful manufacture and good finish, such as: small articles of cabinetwork (for example, caskets and jewel cases); small furnishing goods; decorative articles. Such articles are classified in this heading, even if fitted with mirrors, provided they remain essentially articles of the kind described in the heading. Similarly, the heading includes articles wholly or partly lined with natural or composition leather, paperboard, plastics, textile fabrics, etc., provided they are articles essentially of wood.

The heading includes:

(1) Boxes of lacquered wood (of the Chinese or Japanese type); cases and boxes of wood, for knives, cutlery, scientific apparatus, etc; snuff-boxes and other small boxes to be carried in the pocket, in the handbag or on the person; stationery cases, etc.; needlework boxes; tobacco jars and sweetmeat boxes. However, the heading excludes ordinary kitchen spice-boxes, etc. (heading 44.19).

(2) Articles of wooden furniture, other than those of Chapter 94 (see the General Explanatory Note to that Chapter). This heading therefore covers such goods as coat or hat racks, clothes brush hangers, letter trays for office use, ashtrays, pen-trays and ink stands.

(3) Statuettes, animals, figures and other ornaments.

Wooden parts of the articles of this heading are excluded (heading 44.21).

The heading also excludes:

(a) Cases for musical instruments or for guns, of wood, and sheaths, cases, boxes and similar containers covered with leather or composition leather, paper or paperboard, vulcanised fibre, sheeting of plastics, or textile materials (heading 42.02).

(b) Imitation jewellery (heading 71.17).

(c) Clock cases and parts thereof of Chapter 91.

(d) Musical instruments and parts thereof of Chapter 92.

(e) Scabbards and sheaths for side-arms (heading 93.07).

(f) Articles of Chapter 94 (for example, furniture, lamps and lighting fittings).

(g) Smoking pipes and parts thereof, buttons, pencils and other articles of Chapter 96.

(h) Works of art or antiques of Chapter 97.

44.21 Other articles of wood.
This heading covers all articles of wood manufactured by turning or by any other method, or of wood marquetry or inlaid wood, other than those specified or included in the preceding headings and other than articles of a kind classified elsewhere irrespective of their constituent material (see, for example, Chapter Note 1).

It also covers wooden parts of the articles specified or included in the preceding headings, other than those of heading 44.16.

The articles of this heading may be made of ordinary wood or of particle board or similar board, fibreboard, laminated wood or densified wood (see Note 3 to this Chapter).

The heading includes:

(1) Spools, cops, bobbins, sewing thread reels, etc. These articles normally have a stem (or core) of turned wood on which yarn or fine wire can be wound; the stem may be cylindrical or conical, usually with a central bore, and may have a flange at one or both ends. The heading also includes bobbins made up of a central stem of turned wood with fitted ends of wood or other material and used, for example, for insulated electric wire.

(2) Rabbit-hutches, hen-coops, bee-hives, cages, kennels, troughs; yokes for livestock.

(3) Theatrical scenery; joiners’ benches; joiners’ benches; tables with a screw device for holding the cross threads, used in the hand sewing of books; ladders and steps; trestles; letters, road signs, figures; signs; labels for horticulture, etc.; toothpicks; trellises and fencing panels; level crossing gates; roller blinds, Venetian and other blinds; spigots; templates; rollers for spring blinds; clothes hangers; washing boards; ironing boards; clothes pegs; dowel pins; oars, paddles, rudders; coffins.

(4) Wood paving blocks which are usually uniform in size and generally have rectangular sides. They are manufactured by means of a multiple circular saw cutter. Spacing strips may sometimes be nailed to the sides to allow for swelling of the blocks when laid.

(5) Match splints which are manufactured by cutting drawn, or more usually, sliced or peeled wood, to the dimensions of matches. They may also be punched in quantity out of a single block of wood. They may be impregnated with chemical substances (e.g., ammonium phosphates) but are not classified in this Chapter if with their inflammable heads. The heading also covers strips of wood toothed or slotted on one edge for the manufacture of book matches.

(6) Wooden pegs or pins for footwear which are made in the same way as match splints, but which are pointed at one end and may be of round, square or triangular section. They are used in some cases instead of nails for fixing the soles and heels of boots and shoes

(7) Capacity measures other than kitchenware of heading 44.19.

(8) Wooden handles for table knives, spoons and forks.

(9) Panels consisting of laths of roughly sawn wood, assembled with glue in order to facilitate transport or later working.

(10) Moulded wood built up by superimposing a moulding on another piece of moulded or unmoulded wood (other than that of heading 44.18).

The heading does not cover:

(a) Strips of wood for match splints (heading 44.04).

(b) Unfinished shoe pegs in the form of strips of wood, of which one edge is sharply bevelled on both sides, ready for cutting into pegs (heading 44.09).

(c) Wooden handles, for knives (other than table knives) and other tools or implements, of heading 44.17.

(d) Articles of Chapter 46.

(e) Footwear and parts thereof of Chapter 64.

(f) Walking-sticks and parts of walking-sticks, umbrellas or riding-crops (Chapter 66).

(g) Machines, machinery parts and electrical goods of Section XVI (for example, wooden moulding patterns of heading 84.80).

(h) Goods of Section XVII (for example, boats, wheel-barrows, carts and other vehicles, wheelwrights’ wares).

(ij) Mathematical or drawing instruments, measuring instruments (other than those for measuring capacity) and other goods of Chapter 90.

(k) Gun stocks and other parts of arms (heading 93.05).

(l) Toys, games and sports requisites (Chapter 95).
*
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ANNEX

APPELLATION OF CERTAIN TROPICAL WOODS

I. Tropical woods of African origin
Pilot-name
Scientific names
Local names
AburaHallea ciliata Leroy
(Mitragyna ciliata Aubr. &
Pellegr.)

Hallea rubrostipulata Leroy
(Mitragyna rubrostipulata Harv.)

Hallea stipulosa O. Kuntze
(Mitragyna stipulosa Leroy)		Angola Mivuku
Cameroon Elolom
Congo Vuku
Côte d’Ivoire Bahia
Equatorial Guinea Elelon
Gabon Elelom Nzam
Ghana Subaha
Nigeria Abura
Sierra Leone Mboi
Uganda Nzingu
Dem. Rep. of the Congo Mvuku
Zambia Nzingu

France Bahia
Acajou d’AfriqueKhaya ivorensis A. Chev.
(= Khaya klainei Pierre)		Angola Undia Nunu
Cameroon N’Gollon
Côte d’Ivoire Acajou Bassam
Equatorial Guinea Caoba del Galón
Gabon Zaminguila
Ghana Takoradi
Mahogany
Nigeria Ogwango

France Acajou Bassam
Germany Khaya Mahagoni
U.K. African Mahogany
Khaya anthotheca C. DC.Angola N’Dola
Cameroon Mangona
Congo N’Dola
Côte d’Ivoire Acajou blanc,
Acajou Krala
Ghana Ahafo

Uganda Munyama

France Acajou blanc
Germany Khaya Mahagoni
Khaya grandifoliola C. DC.Côte d’Ivoire Acajou à grandes
feuilles
Nigeria Benin
Mahogany,
Akuk
Uganda Eri Kire

France Acajou à grandes
feuilles
U.K. Heavy African
Mahogany
Pilot-name
Scientific names
Local names
AfrormosiaPericopsis elata Van Meeuwen
(= Afrormosia elata Harms)		Cameroon Obang
Central African
Republic Obang
Côte d’Ivoire Assamela
Ghana Kokrodua
Dem. Rep. of the Congo Ole,
Bohala,
Mohole

France Assamela,
Oleo Pardo
AkoAntiaris africana Engl.

Antiaris welwitschii Engl.		Angola Sansama
Côte d’Ivoire Ako,
Akede
Ghana Chenchen,
Kyenkyen
Nigeria Oro,
Ogiovu
Tanzania Mlulu,
Mkuzu
Uganda Kirundu,
Mumaka
Dem. Rep. of the Congo Bonkonko,
Bonkongo

Germany Antiaris
U.K. Antiaris

AningréAningeria robusta Aubr. &
Pellegr.

Aningeria superba A. Chev.

Aningeria altissima Aubr. &
Pellegr.

Aningeria spp.		Angola Mukali,
Kali
Central African
Republic M’Boul
Congo Mukali,
N’Kali
Côte d’Ivoire Aningueri blanc,
Aniegre
Ethiopia Kararo
Kenya Muna,
Mukangu
Nigeria Landojan
Uganda Osan
Dem. Rep. of the Congo Tutu

Germany Aningré-
Tanganyika Nuss
Italy Tanganyika Nuss
U.K. Aningeria

AvodiréTurraeanthus africana Pellegr.Côte d’Ivoire Avodiré
Ghana Apapaye
Liberia Blimah-Pu
Nigeria Apaya
Dem. Rep. of the Congo M’Fube,
Lusamba

Belgium Lusamba

Pilot-name
Scientific names
Local names
AzobéLophira alata Banks ex Gaertn. f.
(= Lophira procera A. Chev.)		Cameroon Bongossi
Congo Bonkolé
Côte d’Ivoire Azobé
Equatorial Guinea Akoga
Gabon Akoga
Ghana Kaku
Nigeria Ekki,
Eba
Sierra Leone Hendui

Germany Bonkole,
Bongossi
U.K. Ekki

Bossé
clair		Guarea cedrata Pellegr.

Guarea laurentii De Wild.


Côte d’Ivoire Bossé
Ghana Kwabohoro
Nigeria Obobo Nofua
Dem. Rep. of the Congo Bosasa

Germany Bossé
U.K. Scented
Guarea
Bossé
foncé		Guarea thompsonii SpragueCôte d’Ivoire Mutigbanaye
Kenya Bolon
Nigeria Obobo Nekwi
Dem. Rep. of the Congo Diampi

Germany Diampi
U.K. Black Guarea

DabemaPiptadeniastrum africanum Brenan
(= Piptadenia africana Hook. f.)
Cameroon Atui
Congo N’Singa
Côte d’Ivoire Dabema
Equatorial Guinea Tom
Gabon Toum
Ghana Dahoma
Liberia Mbeli
Nigeria Agboin,
Ekhimi
Uganda Mpewere
Sierra Leone Mbele,
Guli
Dem. Rep. of the Congo Bokungu,
Likundu

U.K. Dahoma,
Ekhimi

Pilot-name
Scientific names
Local names
DibétouLovoa trichilioides Harms
(= Lovoa klaincana Pierre)		Cameroon Bibolo
Côte d’Ivoire Dibétou
Equatorial Guinea Nivero,
Embero
Gabon Eyan
Ghana Dubini-Biri,
Mpengwa
Nigeria Apopo,
Sida,
Anamenila
Sierra Leone Wnaimei
Dem. Rep. of the Congo Lifaki-Maindu,
Bombulu

France Noyer
d’Afrique,
Noyer du Gabon
U.K. African
Walnut,
Tigerwood
U.S.A. Tigerwood,
Congowood
Lovoa brownii Sprague

Lovoa swynnertonii Bak. f.		Kenya Mukongoro
Uganda Mukusu,
Nkoba

U.K. Uganda Walnut
DoussiéAfzelia africana Smith

Afzelia bella Harms

Afzelia bipendensis Harms

Afzelia pachyloba Harms -
Afzelia cuanzensis Welw.		Angola N’kokongo
Uvala
Cameroon M’Banga,
Doussié
Congo N’Kokongo
Côte d’Ivoire Lingue,
Azodau
Ghana Papao
Mozambique Mussacossa,
Chanfuta
Nigeria Apa,
Aligna
Senegal Lingue
Sierra Leone Kpendei
Tanzania Mkora,
Mbembakofi
Dem. Rep. of the Congo Bolengu

Germany Afzelia
Portugal Chafuta
U.K. Afzelia
U.S.A. Afzelia
Pilot-name
Scientific names
Local names
FramiréTerminalia ivorensis A. Chev.Cameroon Lidia
Côte d’Ivoire Framiré
Ghana Emeri
Liberia Baji
Nigeria Idigbo,
Black Afara
Sierra Leone Baji
U.K. Idigbo
FumaCeiba pentandra Gaertn.
(= Ceiba thonningii A. Chev.)		Cameroon Doum
Congo Fuma
Côte d’Ivoire Enia,
Fromager
Ghana Onyina
Liberia Ghe
Nigeria Okha,
Araba
Sierra Leone Ngwe,
Banda
Dem. Rep. of the Congo Fuma

France Fromager
Germany Ceiba
U.K. Ceiba

IlombaPycnanthus angolensis Warb.
(= Pycnanthus kombo Warb.)		Angola Ilomba
Cameroon Eteng
Congo Ilomba
Côte d’Ivoire Walélé
Equatorial Guinea Calabo
Gabon Eteng
Ghana Otié
Nigeria Akomu
Sierra Leone Kpoyéi
Dem. Rep. of the Congo Lolako,
Lejonclo

IrokoChlorophora excelsa Benth. &
Hook. f.

Chlorophora regia A. Chev.		Angola Moreira
Cameroon Abang
Congo Kambala
Côte d’Ivoire Iroko
East Africa Mvuli,
Mvule
Equatorial Guinea Abang
Gabon Abang,
Mandji
Ghana Odum
Liberia Semli
Mozambique Tule Mufula
Nigeria Iroko
Sierra Leone Semli
Dem. Rep. of the Congo Lusanga,
Molundu,
Mokongo

Belgium Kambala

Pilot-name
Scientific names
Local names
KosipoEntandrophragma candollei
Harms		Angola Lifuco
Cameroon Atom-Assie
Côte d’Ivoire Kosipo
Ghana Penkwa-Akowaa
Nigeria Omu,
Heavy Sapelle
Dem. Rep. of the Congo Impompo

Germany Kosipo-
Mahagoni
U.K. Omu

KotibéNesogordonia papaverifera
R. Capuron
(= Cistanthera papaverifera
A. Chev.)		Angola Kissinhungo
Cameroon Ovoe,
Ovoui
Central African
Republic Naouya
Côte d’Ivoire Kotibé
Gabon Aborbora
Ghana Danta
Nigeria Otutu
Dem. Rep. of the Congo Kondofindo

U.K. Danta
KotoPterygota macrocarpa K. Schum.

Pterygota bequaertii De Wild.		Central African
Republic Kakende
Côte d’Ivoire Koto
Gabon Ake
Ghana Kyere,
Awari
Nigeria Kefe,
Poroposo
Dem. Rep. of the Congo Ikame

Germany Anatolia
U.K. African
Pterygota,
Pterygota
LimbaTerminalia superba Engl. &
Diels		Cameroon Akom
Central African
Republic N’Ganga
Congo Limba
Côte d’Ivoire Fraké
Equatorial Guinea Akom
Ghana Ofram
Nigeria Afara,
White Afara
Sierra Leone Kojagei
Dem. Rep. of the Congo Limba

France Limbo,
Fraké,
Noyer du
Mayombé
U.S.A. Korina
Pilot-name
Scientific names
Local names
MakoréTieghemella heckelii Pierre

Tieghemella africana A. Chev.
(= Dumoria spp.)		Côte d’Ivoire Makoré
Ghana Baku,
Abacu
Equatorial Guinea Okola
Gabon Douka

France Douka
Germany Douka
MansoniaMansonia altissima A. Chev.Cameroon Koul
Côte d’Ivoire Bété
Ghana Aprono
Nigeria Ofun

France Bété
MoabiBaillonella toxisperma Pierre
(= Mimusops djave Engl.)		Cameroon Adjap,
Ayap
Congo Dimpampi
Equatorial Guinea Ayap
Gabon M’Foi
Dem. Rep. of the Congo Muamba jaune

U.K. African
Pearwood
NiangonHeritiera utilis Kosterm.
(= Tarrietia utilis Sprague)

Heritiera densiflora Kosterm.
(= Tarrieta densiflora Aubr. &
Normand)

Côte d’Ivoire Niangon
Gabon Ogoue
Ghana Nyankom
Liberia Whismore
Sierra Leone Yami
ObecheTriplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum.Cameroon Ayous
Central African
Republic M’Bado
Côte d’Ivoire Samba
Equatorial Guinea Ayus
Ghana Wawa
Nigeria Arere,
Obeche

France Samba,
Ayous
Germany Abachi
U.K. Wawa
U.S.A. Obeche or Samba

OkouméAucoumea klaineana PierreCongo N’Kumi
Equatorial Guinea Okumé,
N’Goumi
Gabon Okoumé,
Angouma

U.K. Gaboon

Pilot-name
Scientific names
Local names
OnzabiliAntrocargon micraster A. Chev.

Antrocargon klaineanum Pierre

Antrocargon nannanii De Wild.		Angola N’Gongo
Cameroon Angonga
Côte d’Ivoire Akoua
Equatorial Guinea Anguekong
Gabon Onzabili
Ghana Aprokuma
Dem. Rep. of the Congo Mugongo

Portugal Mongongo
OvengkolGuibourtia ehie J. LéonardCôte d’Ivoire Amazakoue
Equatorial Guinea Palissandro
Gabon Ovengkol
Ghana Hyeduanini,
Anokye

U.S.A. Mozambique

OzigoDacryodes buettneri H.J. Lam.
(= Pachylobus buettneri Engl.)		Equatorial Guinea Assia
Gabon Ozigo,
Assia

Germany Assia

SapelliEntandrophragma cylindricum
Sprague		Angola Undianuno
Cameroon Assié-Sapelli
Central African
Republic M’Boyo
Congo Undianuno
Côte d’Ivoire Aboudikro
Ghana Penkwa
Nigeria Sapele
Uganda Muyovu
Dem. Rep. of the Congo Lifaki

Germany Sapelli-
Mahagoni
U.K. Sapele

SipoEntandrophragma utile
Sprague		Angola Kalungi
Cameroon Asseng-Assié
Côte d’Ivoire Sipo
Equatorial Guinea Abebay
Gabon Assi
Ghana Utile
Nigeria Utile
Uganda Mufumbi
Dem. Rep. of the Congo Liboyo

Germany Sipo-Mahagoni
U.K. Utile

Pilot-name
Scientific names
Local names
TiamaEntandrophragma angolense C
DC.

Entandrophragma congoense A.
Chev.		Angola Livuité,
Acuminata
Congo Kiluka
Côte d’Ivoire Tiama
Equatorial Guinea Dongomanguila
Gabon Abeubêgne
Ghana Edinam
Nigeria Gêdu-Nohor
Uganda Mukusu
Dem. Rep. of the Congo Lifaki,
Vovo

Germany Tiama-Mahagoni
U.K. Gêdu-Nohor

TolaGosweilerodendron
balsamiferum Harms		Angola Tola branca
Cameroon Sinedon
Congo Tola,
Tola blanc
Gabon Emolo
Nigeria Agba
Dem. Rep. of the Congo Ntola

Germany Agba,
Tola branca
U.K. Agba





II. Other tropical woods
Pilot-name
Scientific names
Local names
AlanShorea albida Sym.Malaysia Alan-Batu,
Red Selangan,
Meraka,
Selangan Merah,
Alan-Paya
AndirobaCarapa guianensis Aubl. and
Carapa procera A. DC.		Brazil Andiroba,
Carapa,
Andirobeira,
Andiroba Branca,
Andiroba
Vermelha
Colombia Masabalo,
Mazabalo
Costa Rica Cedro Bateo,
Cedro Macho
Ecuador Tangare,
Figueroa
Guyana Crabwood
French Guiana Carapa
Honduras Bastard
Mahogany,
Cedro Macho
Panama Cedro Bateo,
Cedro Macho
Surinam Krappa
Trinidad and
Tobago Crappo
Venezuela Carapa,
Masabalo
BalauBalau, Red / Selangan Batu
Merah

Shorea balangeran (Korth.)
Burck.

Shorea collina Ridl.

Shorea guiso (Blco.) Bl.

Shorea inaequilateralis Sym.

Shorea kunstleri King

Shorea ochrophloia E.J.
Strugnell ex Sym.

Shorea spp.		Indonesia Belangeran,
Balau Merah
Malaysia Balau Laut
Merah,
Damar Laut
Merah,
Balau Membatu,
Balau Merah,
Red Selangan
Batu,
Membatu,
Seri,
Selangan Batu
Merah,
Seraya Sirup,
Selangan Batu
No. 1,
Sengawan,
Semayur,
Empenit-Meraka
Philippines Guijo,
Gisok
Thailand Makata,
Chankhau

Germany Red Balau
U.K. Red Balau
Pilot-name
Scientific names
Local names
Balau
cont’d		Balau, Yellow / Selangan Batu
Kumus (Bangkirai)

Shorea argentea C.F.C. Fisher

Shorea astylosa Foxw.

Shorea atrivernosa Sym.

Shorea balangeran (Korth.)

Shorea ciliata King

Shorea exelliptica W. Meijer

Shorea foxworthyi Sym.

Shorea gisok Foxw.

Shorea glauca King

Shorea laevis Ridl.
(= Shorea laevifolia Endert)

Shorea materialis Ridl.

Shorea maxwelliana King

Shorea optusa Wall.

Shorea robusta Gaertner f.

Shorea roxburghii G. Don

Shorea seminis V. Sl.

Shorea submontana Sym.

Shorea sumatrana Sym.

Shorea scrobiculata Burck.

Shorea barbata & ciliata

Shorea spp.		India Sal
Indonesia Bangkirai,
Agelam,
Benuas,
Brunas,
Selangan batu,
Kumus,
Kedawang,
Pooti
Malaysia Damar laut,
Kumus,
Sengkawan
Darat,
Balau Kumus,
Balau Simantok,
Selangan Batu
No. 1,
Selangan Batu
No. 2
Myanmar Thitya
Philippines Yakal,
Gisok,
Malaykal
Thailand Chan,
Ak or Aek,
Pa-Yom Dong

Germany Balau
U.K. Balau,
Selangan Batu
BalsaOchroma lagopus Sw.
(= Ochroma pyramidale Urb.)		Bolivia Tami
Brazil Pau de Balsa
Colombia Lanu
Central America Balsa
Ecuador Balsa
El Salvador Algodon
Guatemala Lanilla
Honduras Guano,
Balsa
Nicaragua Gatillo
Peru Balsa,
Topa,
Palo de Balsa
Trinidad and Tobago Bois flot
Venezuela Balso
Pilot-name
Scientific names
Local names
CativoPrioria copaifera Gris.Colombia Cativo,
Trementino,
Amasamujer,
Copachu
Costa-Rica Cativo,
Camibar
Panama Cativo
Venezuela Muramo,
Curucai
CedroCedrela spp.Brazil Cedro
French Guiana Cedrat,
Cedro
Guyana Red Cedar
Honduras Cedro,
Cigarbox
Surinam Ceder
FreijoCordia goeldiana Hub.Brazil Freijo,
Frei-Jorge
Fromager
(Sumauma)		Ceiba pentandra Gaertn.Bolivia Ceiba,
Mapajo,
Toborochi
Brazil Sumauma,
Paneira
Central America Ceiba,
Ceibon,
Inup,
Piton,
Panya
Colombia Ceiba,
Bonga
Ecuador Ceiba Uchuputu,
Guambush
French Guiana Mahot coton,
Fromager,
Bois coton,
Kapokier
Guyana Kumaka,
Silk Cotton
Peru Ceiba,
Huimba
Surinam Kankantrie,
Koemaka
Venezuela Ceiba Yucca,
Ceiba
GeronggangCratoxylon arborescens (Vahl)
Bl.

Cratoxylon arborescens var.
miquelli King

Cratoxylon glaucum Korth.

Cratoxylon lingustrinum Bl.
(= Cratoxylon polyanthum Korth.)		Indonesia Gerunggang,
Mapat,
Mulu,
Selunus
Malaysia Gonggang,
Serungan
Pilot-name
Scientific names
Local names
ImbuiaOcotea porosa Barosso
(= Phoebe porosa Mez.)		Brazil Canela,
Imbuia,
Embuia
South America Laurel

U.K. Brazilian Walnut,
Imbuya
U.S.A. Brazilian Walnut

IpéTabebuia spp. (Tabebuia
ipe Standl., Tabebuia capitata
Sandw., Tabebuia serratifolia
Nichols., Tabebuia impetiginosa
Standl., etc.)		Bolivia Ipé,
Lapacho
Brazil Ipé,
Pau d’Arco
Central America Amapa,
Prieta,
Cortez,
Guayacan,
Cortés
Colombia Canaguate,
Polvillo
French Guiana Ebene verte
Guyana Hakia,
Iron Wood
Paraguay Lapacho Negro
Peru Tahuari Negro,
Ebano Verde
Surinam Groenhart
Trinidad and Tobago Puy,
Yellow Poui
Venezuela Acapro,
Puy

JabotyErisma uncinatum Warm.
Erisma spp.		Brazil Quarubarana,
Jaboti,
Cedrinho,
Cambara,
Quarubatinga,
Quaruba,
Vermelha
French Guiana Jaboty,
Manonti Kouali,
Felli Kouali
Surinam Singri-Kwari
Venezuela Mureillo

Germany Cambara
JelutongDyera costulata Hook. f.

Dyera lowii Hook. f.		Indonesia Jelutong,
Djelutong,
Melabuwai
Malaysia Jelutong,
Andjaroetoeng,
Letoeng,
Pantoeng,
Jelutong Bukit,
Jelutong Paya
Singapore Red and/or White
Jelutong
Pilot-name
Scientific names
Local names
JequitibaCariniana brasiliensis Casar.
(= C. legalis O. Ktze.)

Cariniana integrifolia Ducke		Bolivia Yesquero
Brazil Jequitiba,
Jequitiba
Branco,
Jequitiba Rosa,
Jequitiba
Vermelho,
Estopeiro
JongkongDactylocladus stenostachys Oliv.Indonesia Mentibu,
Sampinur
Malaysia Medang-Tabak,
Jongkong,
Medang,
Merubong
KapurDryobalanops aromatica
Gaertn. f.

Dryobalanops beccarii Dyer

Dryobalanops fusca V. St.

Dryobalanops lanceolata
Burck.

Dryobalanops oblongifolia
Dyer

Dryobalanops rappa Becc.

Dryobalanops spp		Indonesia Kapur Singkel,
Kapur Sintuk,
Kapur Empedu,
Kapur Tanduk,
Kapur Kayatan,
Petanang
Malaysia Kapur-Kejatan,
Keladan,
Swamp Kapur,
Borneo
Camphorwood-
Paigie
KempasKoompassia malaccensis Maing.
ex Benth.		Indonesia Menggeris,
Toemaling
Malaysia Kempas,
Mengris,
Impas

Papua New Guinea Kempas
Thailand Yuan
KeruingDipterocarpus acutangulus
Vesque.
(= Dipterocarpus
appendiculatus Scheff.)

Dipterocarpus alatus A. DC.

Dipterocarpus baudi Korth.
(= Dipterocarpus pilosus Roxb.)

Dipterocarpus cornutus Dyer

Dipterocarpus costulatus V. SI.

Dipterocarpus kerrii King

Dipterocarpus verrucossus Foxw.

Dipterocarpus spp.		Cambodia Chloeuteal,
Khlong,
Thbeng,
Trach
India Gurjun
Indonesia Keroeing
Laos Nhang
Malaysia Keruing Gaga,
Keruing Bajak,
Keruing Baras
Myanmar Yang,
Kanyin
Philippines Apitong
Sri Lanka Hora
Thailand Yang
Vietnam Dau (Yaou),
Tro
Pilot-name
Scientific names
Local names
Lauan,
White		Shorea contorta Vidal
(ex Pentacme mindanensis Foxw.
& ex Pentacme contorta Merr. &
Rolfe)

Parashorea malaanonan Merr.
(= Parashorea plicata Brandis)

Parashorea tomentella (Sym.)
W. Meijer
(= Parashorea mal. var.
tomentella Sym.)

Parashorea macrophylla Wyatt
Smith ex Ashton

Shorea almon (Foxw.)
(= Shorea ovalis Bl. And
Shorea parvifolia Dyer)

Shorea palosapsis Merr.		Myanmar Ingyin
Philippines White lauan,
Bagtikan or
Lauan
Malaanonan,
Mayapis,
Almon
Thailand Rang
Vietnam Ka-chac-xanh
LouroNectandra spp.

Ocotea spp.		Brazil Louro,
Louro Branco
Louro Inhamui
Central America Aguacatillo,
Laurel
Colombia Amarillo,
Laurel
Ecuador Canelo
Amarillo,
Jigua Amarillo,
Tinchi
French Guiana Cedre Apici
Guyana Kereti-
Silverballi
Peru Moena Amarilla
Surinam Pisi
Trinidad and Tobago Laurier
Venezuela Laurel
Maçaran-
duba		Manilkara spp.
(Manilkara bidentata A
Chev., Manilkara huberi
Standl., Manilkara
surinamensis Dubard, etc.)		Brazil Maçaranduba,
Maparajuba,
Paraju
Colombia Balata,
Nispero
French Guiana Balata franc,
Balata rouge,
Balata gomme
Guyana Balata,
Bulletwood,
Beefwood
Panama Nispero
Peru Pamashto,
Quinilla Colorada Surinam Bolletrie
Venezuela Balata,
Massarandu

U.S.A. Bulletwood, Beefwood
Pilot-name
Scientific names
Local names
Mahogany
(Mogno)		Swietenia macrophylla King

Swietenia mahagoni Jacq.

Swietenia humilis Zucc.

Swietenia tessmannii Harms

Swietenia candollei Pitt.

Swietenia krukovii Gleason		Bolivia Caoba,
Mara
Brazil Aguano,
Mogno,
Araputanga
Central America Caoba,
Caoba del Sur,
Caoba del
Atlantica
Colombia Caoba
Cuba Caoba
Dominican Republic Mahogani
Guatemala Chacalte
Haiti Mahogani
Mexico Zopilote,
Baywood
Nicaragua Mahogani
Peru Aguano,
Caoba
Venezuela Caoba,
Orura

France Acajou
d’Amérique
Italy Mogano
Netherlands Mahonie
Spain Caoba
U.K. Mahogany,
Brazilian
Mahogany
U.S.A. Mahogany,
Brazilian
Mahogany
MandioqueiraQualea spp.
MengkulangHeritiera albiflora (Ridl.)
Kosterm.

Heritiera borneensis (Merr.)
Kosterm.

Heritiera simplicifolia
(Mast.) Kosterm.

Heritiera javanica (Bl.)
Kosterm.

Heritiera künstleri (King)
Kosterm.

Heritiera parakensis King

Heritiera sumatrana (Miq.)
Kosterm.
(= Tarrietia spp.)

Cambodia Don-Chem
Indonesia Palapi,
Teraling
Malaysia Mengkulang,
Kembang
Myanmar Kanze
Philippines Lumbayau
Thailand Chumprag
Vietnam Huynh

Australia Red or Brown
Tulip Oak
Pilot-name
Scientific names
Local names
Meranti
Bakau		Shorea rugosa Sym.
var. uliginosa Heim.

Malaysia Meranti Bakau
Meranti,
Dark Red		Shorea curtisii Dyer ex King

Shorea pauciflora King

Shorea platyclados V. Sl. Ex
Foxw.

Shorea argentifolia Sym.

Shorea ovata Dyer ex King
(= Shorea parvifolia King pro
arte)

Shorea singkawang (Miq.)
Burck.

Shorea pachyphylla Ridl. Ex
Sym.

Shorea acuminata Dyer

Shorea hemsleyana King

Shorea leprosuta B.

Shorea macrantha Brandis

Shorea platycarpa Heim.

Shorea spp.

Indonesia Red Meranti,
Red Mertih,
Meranti Ketung,
Meranti Bunga,
Meranti Merah-
Tua
Malaysia Nemesu,
Meranti Bukit,
Meranti Daun
Basar,
Dark Red Seraya,
Obar Suluk,
Seraya Bukit,
Seraya Daun,
Binatoh,
Engbang-Chenak,
Meranti Bunga
Sengawan
Philippines Tanguile,
Bataan,
Red Lauan

U.K. Red Lauan,
Dark Red Seraya

U.S.A. Dark Meranti
Pilot-name
Scientific names
Local names
Meranti,
Light Red		Shorea acuminata Dyer

Shorea dasyphylla Foxw.

Shorea hemsleyana (King) King
ex Foxw.
(= Shorea macrantha Brandis)

Shorea johorensis Foxw.

Shorea lepidota (Korth.) Bl.

Shorea leprosula Miq.

Shorea macroptera Dyer
(= Shorea sandakanensis)

Shorea ovalis (Korth.) Bl.

Shorea parvifolia Dyer

Shorea palembanica Miq.

Shorea platycarpa Heim.

Shorea teysmanniana Dyer ex
Brandis

Shorea revoluta Ashton

Shorea argentifolia Sym.

Shorea leptoclados Sym.

Shorea sandakanensis Sym.

Shorea smithiana Sym.

Shorea albida Sym.
(Shorea Alan Bunga)

Shorea macrophylla (De Vries)
Ashton

Shorea quadrinervis V. Sl.

Shorea gysbertiana Burck.
(= Shorea macrophylla
(De Vries) Ashton)

Shorea pachyphylla Ridl. ex
Sym.

Shorea spp.
Indonesia Red Meranti,
Meranti Merah-
Muda,
Meranti Bunga
Malaysia Damar Siput,
Meranti-Hantu,
Meranti Kepong,
Meranti Langgang,
Meranti
Melanthi,
Meranti Paya,
Meranti Rambai,
Meranti
Tembaga,
Meranti
Tengkawang,
Meranti
Sengkawang,
Engkawang,
Seraya Batu,
Seraya Punai,
Seraya Bunga,
Kawang
Philippines Almon,
Light Red Lauan
Thailand Saya Khao,
Saya Lueang,
Chan Hoi
Pilot-name
Scientific names
Local names
Meranti,
White		Shorea agami Ashton

Shorea assamica Dyer

Shorea bracteolata Dyer

Shorea dealbata Foxw.

Shorea henryana Lanessan

Shorea lamellata Foxw.

Shorea resinosa Foxw.

Shorea roxburghii G. Don
(= Shorea stalura Roxb.)

Shorea hypochra Hance

Shorea hentonyensis Foxw.

Shorea sericeiflora C.E.C.
Fischer & Hutch.

Shorea farinosa C.E.C.
Fischer

Shorea gratissima Dyer

Shorea ochracea Sym.

Parashorea malaanonan (Blco.)
Merr.
(= Shorea polita Vidal)

Shorea spp.		Cambodia Lumber,
Koki Phnom
Indonesia Meranti Putih,
Damar Puthi
Malaysia Meranti Jerit,
Meranti Lapis,
Meranti Pa’ang
or Kebon Tang,
Meranti Temak,
Melapi,
White Meranti
Myanmar Makai
Philippines White Lauan,
White Meranti
Thailand Pendan,
Pa Nong,
Sual,
Kabak Kau
Vietnam Xen,
Chai
Meranti,
Yellow		Shorea faguetiana Heim.

Shorea dolichocarpa V. Sl.

Shorea maxima (King) Sym.

Shorea longisperma Roxb.

Shorea gibbosa Brandis

Shorea multiflora (Burck.) Sym.

Shorea hopeifolia (Heim.) Sym.

Shorea resina-nigra Foxw.

Shorea peltata Sym.

Shorea acuminatissima Sym.

Shorea blumutensis Foxw.

Shorea faguetoides Ashton		Indonesia Meranti Kuning,
Kunyit,
Damar Hitam
Malaysia Meranti Telepok,
Meranti Kelim,
Yellow Meranti,
Meranti Damar
Hitam,
Yellow Seraya,
Seraya Kuning,
Selangan
Kuning,
Selangan Kacha,
Lun Kuning,
Lun Gajah,
Lun Merat,
Lun Siput
Thailand Kalo
Pilot-name
Scientific names
Local names
MerawanHopea apiculata Sym.

Hopea griffithii Kurz

Hopea lowii Dyer

Hopea mengarawan Miq.

Hopea nervosa King

Hopea odorata Roxb.

Hopea papuana Diels

Hopea sangal Korth.

Hopea sulcata Sym.

Hopea spp.		Indonesia Merawan/Sengal
Malaysia Merawan/Sengal,
Gagil,
Selangan,
Selangan-Kasha
Myanmar Thingan
Papua New Guinea Light Hopea
Thailand Takhian
Vietnam Sau
MerbauIntsia bakeri Prain

Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) O. Ktze.

Intsia palembanica (Miq.)

Intsia retusa O. Ktze.		Fiji Vesi
Indonesia Merbau
Madagascar Hintsy
Malaysia Merbau
New Caledonia Komu
Papua New Guinea Kwila
Philippines Ipil,
Ipil Laut
Thailand Lum-Paw
Vietnam Gonuo

Australia Kwila
China Kalabau
U.K. Moluccan
Ironwood
MerpauhSwintonia floribunda Griff.
(= D. Schwenkii Teijsmann)

Swintonia penangiana King

Swintonia pierrei Hance

Swintonia spicifera Hook. f.

Swintonia spp.		Cambodia Muom
India Thayet-Kin
Malaysia Merpau,
Merpauh
Myanmar Taung Thayet,
Civit
Taungthayet
Pakistan Civit
Vietnam Muom
MersawaAnisoptera curtisii King

Anisoptera costata Korth.

Anisoptera laevis Ridl.

Anisoptera marginata Korth.

Anisoptera oblonga Dyer

Anisoptera thurifera Blume

Anisoptera spp.		Indonesia Mersawa
Malaysia Mersawa,
Pengiran
Myanmar Kaunghmu
Papua New Guinea Mersawa
Philippines Palosapis
Thailand Krabak,
Pik
Pilot-name
Scientific names
Local names
NyatohPalaquium acuminatum Burck.

Palaquium hexandrum (Griff.)
Baill.

Palaquium maingayi Engl.

Palaquium rostratum Burck.

Palaquium xanthochymum Pierre
ex Burck.

Palaquium spp.

Payena maingayi C.B. Clarke

Payena spp.

Ganua motleyana Pierre
ex Dubard		India Pali
Indonesia Nyatoh
Malaysia Nyatoh,
Mayang,
Taban,
Riam
Papua New Guinea Pencil Cedar
Philippines Nato
Thailand Kha-Nunnok
Vietnam Chay

U.K. Padang
OreyCampnosperma panamensis
Standl.

Campnosperma gummifera L.
March.
PadaukPterocarpus indicus Wild.

Pterocarpus vidalianus Rolfe.		India Andaman-Padauk
Indonesia Sena,
Sonokembang,
Linggua,
Angsana,
Amboina
Malaysia Sena
Myanmar Pashu-Padauk
Papua New Guinea Png-Rosewood
Philippines Manila-Padouk,
Narra,
Vitali

France Amboine/Amboyna
or Padouk
Germany Amboine/Amboyna
or Padouk
U.K. Amboyna or
Padouk
Japan Karin
PaldaoDracontomelum dao Merr. &
Rolfe

Dracontomelum edule Merr.

Dracontomelum sylvestre Bl.		Malaysia Sengkulang
Philippines Dao,
Ulandug,
Lamio
Palissandre de GuatemalaDalbergia tucurensis Donn Sm.
Pilot-name
Scientific names
Local names
Palissandre de Para


Dalbergia spruceana Benth.Brazil Caviuna,
We-We,
Jacaranda

France Palissandre Rio
Germany Palissander
Spain Palisandro
U.K. Brazilian
Rosewood,
Jacaranda Pardo
U.S.A. Brazilian
Rosewood
Japan Shitan
Palissandre de RioDalbergia nigra Fr. All.
Palissandre de RoseDalbergia decipularis Rizz
and Matt.		Brazil Pau Rosa
French Guiana Bois de rose
femelle
Pau AmareloEuxylophora paraensis
Pau Marfim
(Piquia
Marfim)

Aspidosperma spp.
PulaiAlstonia angustiloba Miq.

Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex
A. DC.

Alstonia spathulata Bl.

Alstonia scholaris R. Br.

Alstonia pneumatophora Back.		Indonesia Pulai,
Sepati
Malaysia Pulai
Myanmar Letok,
Sega
Papua New Guinea White Cheese
Wood,
Mike Wood
Philippines Dita
Thailand Thia
Vietnam Mo-Cua

Australia White Cheese
Wood,
Mike Wood
India Chaitanwood,
Chatian
U.K. Pagoda Tree,
Patternwood

PunahTetramerista glabra Miq.Indonesia Punal,
Bang Kalis,
Paya
Malaysia Punam,
Ponga,
Peda,
Entuyut,
Amat,
Tuyut

Pilot-name
Scientific names
Local names
QuarubaVochysia spp.
RaminGonystylus bancanus (Miq.)
Kurz

Gonystylus macrophyllus
(Miq.)

Gonystylus phillipinensis
Elm.

Gonystylus reticulatus (Elm.)
Merr.		Indonesia Garu-Buaja,
Akenia,
Medang Keram
Malaysia Melawis,
Ramin Batu,
Ramin Telur,
Ahmin
Philippines Lantunan-Bagio
Solomon Islands Ainunura,
Latareko,
Petata,
Fungunigalo

Switzerland Akenia

Saqui-
saqui		Bombacopsis quinata DugandCentral America Cedro Espino,
Cedro Espinoso,
Cedro Tolua,
Pochote
Colombia Cedro Tolua,
Ceiba Tolua,
Cedro Macho
Venezuela Saqui Saqui,
Cedro Dulce,
Murea

SepetirSindora affinis De Witt

Sindora coriacea Prain

Sindora echinocalyx Prain

Sindora parvifolia Backer ex
K. Heyne

Sindora siamensis Teijsm. Ex
Miq.

Sindora velutina Baker

Sindora spp.

Pseudosindora palustris Sym.
(= Copaifera palustris De Witt)
Cambodia Krakas
Indonesia Sindur
Malaysia Sepetir,
Meketil,
Saputi,
Sepeteh,
Petir,
Petir-Sepetir
Pay or Swamp-
Sepetir,
Sepetir Nin-
Yaki
Philippines Supa
Thailand Krathon,
Maka-Tea
Seraya,
White		Parashorea malaanonan (Blco.)
Merr.
(= Parashorea plicata
Brandis)

Parashorea macrophylla Wyatt
Smith ex Ashton

Parashorea tomentella W.
Meijer

Indonesia Pendan,
Urat Mata,
Belutu,
White Seraya
Malaysia Urat Mata
Myanmar Thingadu
Philippines Bagtikan,
White Lauan
Vietnam Cho-Chi
Pilot-name
Scientific names
Local names
SucupiraBowdichia nitida Benth

Diplotropis martiusii Benth

Diplotropis purpurea (Rich.)
Amsh.
Brazil Sucupira,
Sapurira
Colombia Arenillo,
Zapan Negro
French Guiana Coeur dehors,
Baaka
Guyana Tatabu
Peru Chontaquiro,
Huasai-Caspi
Surinam Zwarte Kabbes
Venezuela Congrio,
Alcornoque
SurenToona sureni (Blco) Merr.
(= Cedrela toona (Roxb. Ex
Rolfe)

Toona ciliata Roem.
(= Toona febrifuga Roem.)

Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe
(Toona australis (F.v. Muell.)
Harms Sym.)		Cambodia Chomcha
India Toon
Indonesia Surian,
Limpagna
Malaysia Surea-Bawang
Myanmar Thitkado
Papua New Guinea Red Cedar
Philippines Calantas
Thailand Toon,
Yomham
Vietnam Xoan-Moc

Australia Red Cedar
U.K. Moulmein Cedar,
Burma Cedar
U.S.A. Moulmein Cedar,
Burma Cedar

TauariCouratari spp.
TeakTectona grandis L.f.India Sagwan
Indonesia Jati,
Tek
Laos May Sak
Myanmar Kyun
Thailand May Sak
Vietnam Giati,
Teck

France Teck
Germany Burma-Rangoon-
Java Teak

Pilot-name
Scientific names
Local names
VirolaVirola spp.Brazil Ucuuba
Central America Banak,
Sangre,
Palo de Sangre,
Bogamani,
Cebo,
Sangre Colorado
Colombia Sebo,
Nuanamo
Ecuador Chaliviande,
Shempo
French Guiana Yayamadou,
Moulomba
Guyana Dalli
Honduras Banak
Peru Cumala
Surinam Baboen,
Pintri
Trinidad and
Tobago Cajuea
Venezuela Virola,
Cuajo,
Sangrino,
Camaticaro,
Otivo

U.K. Dalli



Note :

The third column shows the names used in the exporting countries. The commercial names in use in the importing countries, when they differ from the pilot-names, are given in italics.

ULTIMO CAMBIO D.O.F.