Sección: XIV NATURAL OR CULTURED PEARLS, PRECIOUS OR SEMI-PRECIOUS STONES, PRECIOUS METALS, METALS CLAD WITH PRECIOUS METAL, AND ARTICLES THEREOF; IMITATION JEWELLERY; COIN
Capítulo: 71 Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones, precious metals, metals clad with precious metal, and articles thereof; imitation jewellery; coin
Chapter 71

Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones, precious metals, metals clad with precious metal, and articles thereof; imitation jewellery; coin


Notes.

1.- Subject to Note 1 (a) to Section VI and except as provided below, all articles consisting wholly or partly:

2.- (A) Headings 71.13, 71.14 and 71.15 do not cover articles in which precious metal or metal clad with precious metal is present as minor constituents only, such as minor fittings or minor ornamentation (for example, monograms, ferrules and rims), and paragraph (b) of the foregoing Note does not apply to such articles.

3.- This Chapter does not cover :

4.- (A) The expression “precious metal” means silver, gold and platinum.

(B) The expression “platinum” means platinum, iridium, osmium, palladium, rhodium and ruthenium.

(C) The expression “precious or semi-precious stones” does not include any of the substances specified in Note 2 (b) to Chapter 96.

5.- For the purposes of this Chapter, any alloy (including a sintered mixture and an inter-metallic compound) containing precious metal is to be treated as an alloy of precious metal if any one precious metal constitutes as much as 2 %, by weight, of the alloy. Alloys of precious metal are to be classified according to the following rules :

6.- Except where the context otherwise requires, any reference in the Nomenclature to precious metal or to any particular precious metal includes a reference to alloys treated as alloys of precious metal or of the particular metal in accordance with the rules in Note 5 above, but not to metal clad with precious metal or to base metal or non-metals plated with precious metal.

7.- Throughout the Nomenclature the expression “metal clad with precious metal” means material made with a base of metal upon one or more surfaces of which there is affixed by soldering, brazing, welding, hot-rolling or similar mechanical means a covering of precious metal. Except where the context otherwise requires, the expression also covers base metal inlaid with precious metal.

8.- Subject to Note 1 (a) to Section VI, goods answering to a description in heading 71.12 are to be classified in that heading and in no other heading of the Nomenclature.

9.- For the purposes of heading 71.13, the expression “articles of jewellery” means:

10.- For the purposes of heading 71.14, the expression “articles of goldsmiths’ or silversmiths’ wares” includes such articles as ornaments, tableware, toilet-ware, smokers’ requisites and other articles of household, office or religious use.

11.- For the purposes of heading 71.17, the expression “imitation jewellery” means articles of jewellery within the meaning of paragraph (a) of Note 9 above (but not including buttons or other articles of heading 96.06, or dress-combs, hair-slides or the like, or hairpins, of heading 96.15), not incorporating natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones (natural, synthetic or reconstructed) nor (except as plating or as minor constituents) precious metal or metal clad with precious metal.
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Subheading Notes.

1.- For the purposes of subheadings 7106.10, 7108.11, 7110.11, 7110.21, 7110.31 and 7110.41, the expressions “powder” and “in powder form” mean products of which 90 % or more by weight passes through a sieve having a mesh aperture of 0.5 mm.

2.- Notwithstanding the provisions of Chapter Note 4 (B), for the purposes of subheadings 7110.11 and 7110.19, the expression “ platinum ” does not include iridium, osmium, palladium, rhodium or ruthenium.

3.- For the classification of alloys in the subheadings of heading 71.10, each alloy is to be classified with that metal, platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, osmium or ruthenium which predominates by weight over each other of these metals.

GENERAL

This Chapter includes:

(1) In headings 71.01 to 71.04, natural or cultured pearls, diamonds, other precious or semi-precious stones (natural, synthetic or reconstructed), unworked or worked, but not mounted, set or strung; also, in heading 71.05, certain waste resulting from the working of these stones.

(2) In headings 71.06 to 71.11, precious metals and metals clad with precious metal, unwrought, semi-manufactured, or in powder form, but not having reached the stage of articles classified in sub-Chapter III, and in heading 71.12, waste and scrap of precious metal or metal clad with precious metal, and waste and scrap containing precious metal or precious metal compounds, of a kind used principally for the recovery of precious metal.

Under Note 4 to this Chapter, the expression “precious metal” means silver, gold and platinum. It should be noted that the term “platinum” also covers iridium, osmium, palladium, rhodium and ruthenium. Under Note 5 to this Chapter, alloys (other than amalgams - heading 28.43) containing precious metals are classified as follows:

Under Note 6 to this Chapter, unless the context otherwise requires, any reference to precious metal also includes a reference to its alloys as described at (A), (B) and (C) above, but not to metal clad with precious metal, nor to base metals or non-metals plated with silver, gold or platinum.

Under Note 7 to this Chapter, the expression “metal clad with precious metal” means material made with a base of metal, one or more surfaces of which have been covered to any thickness with precious metal by soldering, brazing, welding, hot-rolling or similar mechanical means. Plates and sheets, bars, etc., of metal clad with precious metal are most frequently made by covering one or both surfaces of the foundation metal with the precious metal, “ sweating ” the two metals together and then rolling them. Wire clad with precious metal is obtained by inserting a core of base metal into a tube of precious metal, “sweating” the two metals together and then drawing them through a die.

Except where the context otherwise requires base metal articles inlaid with precious metal are also classified as articles of metal clad with precious metal (e.g., copper plates inlaid with silver strips for use in the electrical industry, and the so-called damaskeen work of steel inlaid with strips or threads of hammered gold).
(3) In general, articles made wholly or partly of natural or cultured pearls, diamonds or other precious or semi-precious stones (natural, synthetic or reconstructed), precious metals or metal clad with precious metal (headings 71.13 to 71.16). In particular, this group includes jewellery and goldsmiths’ or silversmiths’ wares (see Explanatory Notes to headings 71.13 and 71.14), but it does not include:

(4) Imitation jewellery (heading 71.17) as defined in Note 11 to this Chapter (see corresponding Explanatory Note), other than the articles specified in Note 3 to this Chapter.

(5) Coin (heading 71.18), other than collectors’ pieces (heading 97.05).
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Sub-Chapter I


NATURAL OR CULTURED PEARLS
AND PRECIOUS OR SEMI-PRECIOUS STONES


71.01 Pearls, natural or cultured, whether or not worked or graded but not strung, mounted or set; pearls, natural or cultured, temporarily strung for convenience of transport.

The pearls classified in this heading are, like mother of pearl, the result of the natural secretion of various sea or fresh water molluscs (especially of the pearl oyster and the pearl mussel).

Pearls have a shiny surface and consist essentially of layers of calcium carbonate coated with a horny material (conchiolin). The layers of carbonate cause optical interference and diffraction which produce the characteristic nacreous lustre of pearls (“orient”); the conchiolin gives the pearls their translucency or “water”.

Pearls are usually white but may be shaded or coloured (e.g., grey, black, purple, red, yellow, green or blue).

They are usually round, but sometimes half round (button pearls) or irregular (baroque or blister pearls), and their size varies considerably. Mother of pearl (headings 05.08 or 96.01) has much the same composition, but usually takes the form of thin sheets.

This heading also includes cultured pearls (i.e., those produced by human intervention). This is done by fixing a bead of mother of pearl in a sac cut from the mantle of one oyster and then inserting this sac in the tissues of another healthy oyster. Over a period of years, the bead is slowly covered with concentric layers of nacre. Cultured pearls are therefore very similar in appearance to real pearls but can be distinguished from the latter by special apparatus (endoscope) or by X-ray examination.

This heading covers natural or cultured pearls whether unworked, i.e., as gathered and merely cleansed (for example, by means of salt and water), or worked, i.e. ground to remove defective parts, drilled or sawn (e.g., half or three-quarter pearls).The pearls of this heading may be temporarily strung for convenience of transport. Pearls which have been set, mounted or which have been permanently strung after grading are excluded (e.g., heading 71.13, 71.14 or 71.16, as appropriate).

It should be noted that natural or cultured pearls are excluded from Chapter 97 (collectors’ pieces, antiques, etc.), and therefore remain in this Chapter.

This heading excludes:

(a) Imitation pearls (plastics - heading 39.26; glass - heading 70.18; wax - heading 96.02).

(b) Mother of pearl, unworked or simply prepared (heading 05.08) or worked (heading 96.01).

71.02 Diamonds, whether or not worked, but not mounted or set.

Diamond is a crystalline and allotropic form of carbon with, in the pure state, a very high refractive index and dispersive power. It is the hardest known mineral. Because of these qualities diamond is used for making articles of adornment or ornamentation and also for industrial purposes (in particular, for wire drawing).

The heading covers unworked stones, and stones worked, e.g., by cleaving, sawing, bruting, tumbling, faceting, grinding, polishing, drilling, engraving (including cameos and intaglios), preparing as doublets, provided they are neither set nor mounted.

The heading does not cover:

(a) Dust and powder of diamonds (heading 71.05).

(b) Unmounted worked diamonds for styli (heading 85.22).

(c) Diamonds worked so as to be recognisable as parts of meters, of measuring instruments or of other goods of Chapter 90 (Chapter 90).
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Subheading Explanatory Notes.

Subheading 7102.10

Before “unworked” or rough diamonds are marketed as “industrial” or “non-industrial” they are graded and sorted in terms of technical criteria by diamond experts. The technical criteria include weight (mass) and crystallographic suitability for cutting. Account is also taken of shape, transparency, colour and clarity or quality of crystals.

This subheading covers those lots (i.e., parcels) of diamonds or single diamonds which have not been submitted to such expert examination.

This subheading also includes parcels of rough diamonds that have only been sieved and that are packaged according to size without having been submitted to further expert examination.

Subheadings 7102.21 and 7102.29

These subheadings cover the following natural diamonds:

(1) Diamonds proper, that is to say, transparent or translucent diamonds which because of their characteristic features cannot, normally be used for jewellery or for goldsmiths’ or silversmiths’ wares.


(2) Black diamonds, and other polycrystalline diamond-aggregates, including carbonados, which are harder than transparent diamonds.

(3) Bort proper, that is to say, opaque diamonds and other diamonds (including waste from working diamonds), normally unsuitable for cutting.

(4) Diamonds which because of their characteristic features (colour, clarity or quality, transparency, etc.) are destined for precise, particular uses in industrial applications (such as dressers, wire-drawing dies, or diamond anvils), but which are also suitable for use in jewellery.

These diamonds are generally intended for setting in tools (diamond cutting tools, boring tools, etc.) or fitting to machine accessories or machinery.

Subheading 7102.21 covers:

(1) Diamonds in their natural state, i.e., as they occur in deposits or extracts from the parent rock, sorted into lots or parcels.

(2) Diamonds simply sawn (e.g., into thin strips), cleaved (by splitting along the natural plane of the layers), bruted, tumbled or which have only a small number of polished facets (e.g., so-called windows, which are mostly made to allow expert examination of the internal characteristics of the rough diamond), i.e., stones which have only a provisional shape and clearly have to be further worked. The strips may also be cut into discs, rectangles, hexagons or octagons, provided that all the surfaces and ridges are rough, matt and unpolished.

(3) Tumbled diamonds of which the surface has been rendered glossy and shiny by chemical treatment, also known as chemical polishing. Chemical polishing is different from traditional abrasive polishing in that the diamonds are not mounted individually and polished on a polishing wheel, but are loaded – in bulk – into a chemical reactor.

(4) Broken or crushed diamonds.

Subheading 7102.29 covers polished or drilled diamonds, and engraved diamonds (other than diamonds engraved for identification purposes only).

Subheadings 7102.31 and 7102.39

These subheadings cover natural diamonds which, because of their characteristic features (colour, clarity or purity, transparency, etc.) are suitable for use by jewellers, goldsmiths or silversmiths.

Subheading 7102.31 covers:

(1) Diamonds in their natural state, i.e., as they occur in deposits or extracts from the parent rock, sorted into lots or parcels.

(2) Diamonds simply sawn, cleaved (by splitting along the natural plane of the layers), bruted or which have only a small number of polished facets (e.g., so-called windows, which are mostly made to allow expert examination of the internal characteristics of the rough diamond), i.e., stones which have only a provisional shape and clearly have to be further worked.

(3) Tumbled diamonds of which the surface has been rendered glossy and shiny by chemical treatment, also known as chemical polishing. Chemical polishing is different from traditional abrasive polishing in that the diamonds are not mounted individually and polished on a polishing wheel, but are loaded – in bulk – into a chemical reactor.

Subheading 7102.39 covers:

(1) Polished diamonds having multiple flat polished surfaces or facets, which do not require to be further worked before being used in jewellery.

(2) Drilled diamonds, engraved diamonds (including cameos and intaglios) and diamonds prepared as doublets or triplets.

(3) Diamonds which were subjected to polishing and drilling or engraving and were broken during these operations, as well as polished diamonds broken during their transportation or storage.

Subheading 7102.39 does not cover:

(a) Diamonds which have only a small number of polished facets (e.g., windows which are made to allow expert examination of the internal characteristics of the rough diamond) and which clearly have to be further worked;

(b) Diamonds which have only been engraved for identification purposes.

71.03 Precious stones (other than diamonds) and semi-precious stones, whether or nor worked or graded but not strung, mounted or set; ungraded precious stones (other than diamonds) and semi-precious stones, temporarily strung for convenience of transport.

Because of their colour, brilliance, resistance to deterioration, and often also because of their rarity, these stones, which are usually crystalline, are used by jewellers, goldsmiths and silversmiths for making articles of adornment or ornamentation. Some are also used in clocks and watches or in tools or, because of their hardness or other special properties, for other industrial purposes (e.g., ruby, sapphire, agate, piezo-electric quartz).

The provisions of the second paragraph of the Explanatory Note to heading 71.02 apply, mutatis mutandis, to this heading.

But the heading excludes stones of the following kinds, even if unmounted and unset:

(a) Unmounted worked sapphires for styli (heading 85.22).

(b) Stones worked so as to be recognisable as parts of meters, of measuring instruments, of clocks or watches or of other goods of Chapter 90 or 91; also optical elements of quartz (heading 90.01 or 90.02).

The stones of this heading are therefore mainly stones intended for mounting or setting in jewellery or goldsmiths’ or silversmiths’ wares; but, provided they are unmounted, the heading also covers stones for setting in tools of headings 82.01 to 82.06 or in machinery, etc., of Section XVI (e.g., piezo-electric quartz for high frequency apparatus, etc.).

The heading excludes stones converted into articles, for example, cut agate mortars and pestles, agate crosses and rings, garnet goblets and cups, statuettes and ornamental goods of jade, ashtrays and paperweights of agate or onyx, rings for fishing rods, etc.; such articles are classified generally in heading 71.16.

The stones of this heading may be strung for convenience of transport, provided this method of assembly is temporary and that the stones have not been graded and are not directly suitable for use as jewellery. Precious or semi-precious stones which have been set or mounted fall in heading 71.13, 71.14 or 71.16 (see the related Explanatory Notes) unless they are included in other headings, under the provisions of Note 1 to this Chapter.

The heading includes the precious or semi-precious stones listed in the Annex to this Chapter, the name of the mineralogical species being given with the commercial names; the heading is, of course, restricted to those stones and varieties of a quality suitable for use in jewellery, etc.

This heading also excludes:

(a) Certain stones which, although belonging to the mineral species cited above, are of non-precious varieties, or of a quality not suitable for use in jewellery, goldsmiths’ or silversmiths’ wares; such stones are classified in Chapter 25, 26 or 68.

(b) Steatite (unworked, heading 25.26; worked, heading 68.02).

(c) Jet (unworked, heading 25.30; worked, heading 96.02).

(d) Imitation precious or semi-precious stones made of glass (heading 70.18).
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Subheading Explanatory Notes.

Subheading 7103.10

This subheading includes stones roughly worked by sawing (e.g., into thin strips), cleaving (splitting along the natural plane of the layers) or bruting, i.e., stones which have only a provisional shape and clearly have to be further worked. The strips may also be cut into discs, rectangles, hexagons or octagons, provided all the surfaces and ridges are rough, matt and unpolished.

Subheadings 7103.91 and 7103.99

Subheadings7103.91 and 7103.99 cover polished or drilled stones, engraved stones (including cameos and intaglios) and stones prepared as doublets or triplets.

71.04 Synthetic or reconstructed precious or semi-precious stones, whether or not worked or graded but not strung, mounted or set; ungraded synthetic or reconstructed precious or semi-precious stones, temporarily strung for convenience of transport.

These stones are used for the same purposes as the natural precious or semi-precious stones of the two preceding headings.

(A) Synthetic precious and semi-precious stones. This expression covers a range of chemically produced stones which either:

When unworked, synthetic stones generally have the appearance of small cylinders or pear-shaped drops and are known as “boules”; these are usually split along their length or sawn into discs.

(B) Reconstructed precious and semi-precious stones are obtained artificially by various means, e.g., agglomerating, pressing or fusing together (usually with the aid of a blow pipe) fragments of natural precious or semi-precious stones which have generally been reduced to a powder.

Synthetic and reconstructed stones can normally be distinguished from natural stones by microscopic examination (preferably in a medium other than air) which reveals small bubbles and streaks.

The provisions of the Explanatory Notes to headings 71.02 and 71.03, especially as regards the working to which the stones may be submitted, are also applicable here.

Synthetic or reconstructed stones should not be confused with glass imitation precious or semi-precious stones of heading 70.18 (see corresponding Explanatory Note).
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Subheading Explanatory Notes.

Subheading 7104.10

Piezo-electric quartz has the property, when subjected to mechanical pressure, of producing an electric charge, the strength of which varies in relation to the pressure and, conversely, of converting into mechanical pressure the differences in electric potential to which it is subjected.

By reason of this property, piezo-electric quartz is used in the electrical equipment industry for various purposes: the manufacture of microphones, loudspeakers, instruments for transmitting or receiving ultrasonic waves, instruments for fixed frequency oscillations, etc.

The piezo-electric quartz falling in this subheading is generally in the form of thin sheets, plates, rods, etc., obtained by sawing synthetic quartz with a precision-cut along the line of electrical axis.

Subheading 7104.20

The Explanatory Note to subheading 7103.10 applies, mutatis mutandis, to this subheading.

Subheading 7104.90

The Explanatory Note to subheadings 7103.91 and 7103.99 applies, mutatis mutandis, to this subheading.

71.05 Dust and powder of natural or synthetic precious or semi-precious stones.

This heading covers dust and powder obtained, for example, from the polishing or grinding of the stones covered by the three preceding headings. The most important of these powders are derived from diamonds and garnets.

Natural diamond dust and powder are obtained mainly by crushing “bort” (industrial grade diamond grains). Synthetic diamond dust and powder are produced by direct conversion, generally of graphite, at high temperatures and pressures.

These dusts and powders differ from the diamonds of headings 71.02 and 71.04 in that, for practical purposes, they are too small to be mounted individually. They are normally used for abrasive purposes. Their particle size generally does not exceed 1,000 micrometers (microns) but sizing is effected by sieving rather than by measuring individual particles. There can be a considerable degree of overlap between the size of dust and powder particles and that of stones, but whereas stones are counted individually to determine quantity, dust and powder are weighed.

Diamond dust and powder are used for the manufacture of grinding, polishing or honing wheels, cutters, polishing pastes, etc.

Garnet powder is used mainly for the grinding of optical lenses or as an abrasive on a base of paper or other material.

The heading does not cover artificial corundum powder (heading 28.18).

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Sub-Chapter II


PRECIOUS METALS AND METALS CLAD WITH PRECIOUS METAL

71.06 Silver (including silver plated with gold or platinum), unwrought or in semi-manufactured forms, or in powder form.

This heading covers the various unwrought, semi-manufactured or powder forms of silver or of silver alloys (as defined in the General Explanatory Note), of gold-plated silver (silver gilt) or of silver plated with platinum. The heading does not, however, cover silver clad with precious metal.
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Silver is a white metal, not corroded by the atmosphere but tending to tarnish; it is the best conductor of heat and electricity, and is the most malleable and ductile metal after gold. It is very soft in its pure state, and consequently is frequently alloyed with other metals. Unalloyed silver is, however, widely used in electrical applications (contacts, fuses, etc.), in certain apparatus used in the chemical or food industries or in surgery, and as a plating metal.

Under the provisions of Note 5 to this Chapter (see General Explanatory Note above), the silver alloys which may fall in this heading include:

(1) Silver-copper alloys. The most important of these are used in the manufacture of coins or of goldsmiths’ or silversmiths’ wares; some are also used in the manufacture of electrical contacts.

(2) Silver-copper-cadmium, silver-copper-titanium and silver-indium alloys, used in the manufacture of goldsmiths’ or silversmiths’ wares.

(3) Silver-copper-zinc alloys, sometimes also containing cadmium, tin or phosphorus, used as solders.

(4) Silver-antimony-tin-lead, silver-copper-lead, silver-cadmium and silver-thallium anti-friction alloys.

(5) Sintered silver-tungsten, silver-molybdenum, silver-nickel andsilver-iron alloys, used to make electrical contacts.

The heading covers silver and its alloys in the following forms:

(I) Powder, usually in the form of finely divided powder, obtained by various mechanical or chemical processes. It is used in metallurgy and in the manufacture of metallising preparations for electronic applications and of conducting cements.

(II) Unwrought silver in lumps, grains, ingots, cast bars, pellets, etc.; also native silver in lumps, nuggets, crystals, etc., separated from their gangues.

(III) Bars, rods, sections, wire, plates, sheets and strip. These are usually obtained by rolling or drawing; strip and discs, etc., may also be obtained by cutting sheet silver. The heading includes silver thread for use in the textile industry provided it has not been spun or otherwise combined with textile yarn (Section XI). Very fine sterile silver wire used for surgical sutures is, however, classified in heading 30.06.

The heading also covers metallo-graphitic blocks, plates, bars, rods, etc., with a basis of “carbon”, containing silver (see Explanatory Note to heading 38.01).

(IV) Tubes and pipes (including coiled tubing) provided that they are note made up into specific identifiable articles (e.g., parts of chemical apparatus).

(V) Foil (for silvering) is usually obtained by hammering or beating thin sheets of silver separated by sheets of gold-beaters’ skin. This foil is generally put up in booklets and may be fixed to a backing of paper, plastics, etc.

(VI) Purls, spangles and cuttings. Purls are small twists of silver wire used in embroidery or trimmings. Spangles and cuttings, used for the same purposes, are small pieces cut to geometric form (round, star-shaped, etc.) and usually pierced in the middle.

The heading does not cover castings, sinterings, stampings, pressings, etc., in the form of blanks for articles of jewellery, etc., falling in sub-Chapter III (e.g., settings, ring blanks, badges, flowers and figures).


71.07 Base metals clad with silver, not further worked than semi-manufactured.

Metal clad with precious metal (including base metal inlaid with precious metal) is defined in Note 7 to this Chapter and the General Explanatory Note to this Chapter.

The alloys of tin, nickel, zinc and particularly of copper are sometimes clad with silver. Unalloyed copper and steel may also be clad in this way. Such metals are used in silversmiths’ wares (tableware, articles of interior decoration, etc.), and in tubing, vessels and apparatus for the chemical or food industries.

Base metal clad with silver falling in this heading is usually in the form of bars, rods, sections, wire, plates, sheets, strip, tubes or pipes.

In general, the provisions of Explanatory Note to heading 71.06 also apply, mutatis mutandis, to base metal clad with silver.


71.08 Gold (including gold plated with platinum) unwrought or in semi-manufactured forms, or in powder form.

This heading covers the various unwrought, semi-manufactured or powder forms of gold or gold alloys (as defined in the General Explanatory Note), or of gold plated with platinum. The heading does not, however, cover gold clad with precious metal.
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Gold has a characteristic yellow colour; it is not oxidised even at high temperature, and has remarkable chemical resistance to most reagents, including acids (aqua regia, however, attacks it). It is, after silver and copper, the best conductor of heat and electricity. It is the most malleable and most ductile of all metals, but is very soft, and is therefore rarely used unalloyed except for electro-plating, or as an electrodeposit.

Under the terms of Note 5 to this Chapter (see General Explanatory Note), the gold alloys which may fall in this heading, include:

(1) Gold-silver alloys, varying in colour from yellow through green to white, according to the proportions of the constituent metals. They are used in jewellery and also in electrical contacts and in special high melting point solders.

(2) Gold-copper alloys, used in the manufacture of coins, jewellery or goldsmiths’ wares or in electrical contacts.

(3) Gold-silver-copper alloys, primarily used in jewellery, goldsmiths’ wares, in dental alloys or as solders. These alloys may contain zinc and cadmium and are then also used as solders. The alloy called “doré” or “bullion doré” consisting mainly of silver and copper falls in this heading when it contains 2 % or more, by weight, of gold. It is obtained from certain cupriferous pyrites or from residues derived from the processing of blister copper and is subsequently refined to separate its constituent metals.

(4) Gold-copper-nickel alloys, sometimes containing added zinc and magnesium, giving a range of alloys (known as “white” golds or, in some countries, as “grey” golds) often used as a substitute for platinum. Other “white” golds contain 2 % or more of palladium and are therefore excluded (heading 71.10).

(5) Gold-nickel alloys, used in the manufacture of electrical contacts.

The heading includes gold and gold alloys in the same forms as those described for silver. The provisions of Explanatory Note to heading 71.06 therefore apply, mutatis mutandis.
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Subheading Explanatory Note.

Subheading 7108.20

This subheading covers gold exchanged between national or international monetary authorities or authorised banks.


71.09 Base metals or silver, clad with gold, not further worked than semi-manufactured.

Metal clad with precious metal (including base metal inlaid with precious metal) is defined in Note 7 and the General Explanatory Note to this Chapter. Base metal or silver clad with gold are usually in forms similar to those described for base metal clad with silver (see the Explanatory Note to heading 71.07).

Base metal (e.g., copper and its alloys) or silver is clad with gold for the manufacture of jewellery (bracelets, watch-chains, ear-rings, etc.), watch-cases, cigar or cigarette-holders, lighters, goldsmiths’ wares, electrical contacts, chemical apparatus, etc.


71.10 Platinum, unwrought or in semi-manufactured forms, or in powder form.

Like headings 71.06 for silver and 71.08 for gold, this heading covers platinum and its alloys as defined in the General Explanatory Note.

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The term “platinum” covers (see Note 4 (B) to Chapter 71):

(A) Platinum which is a greyish-white, soft and ductile metal, not tarnished at room temperature and resistant to acids except aqua regia. It can be fabricated into bars, sheets, strip, tubes, wire and other semi-manufactured forms by forging, rolling or drawing.

In view of their outstanding resistance to corrosion, high melting point and high catalytic activity, platinum and its alloys have many important applications in industry surpassing their use in jewellery or in dentistry, for example, in the electrical industry for the manufacture of thermocouples and resistance thermometers, and as electrical contacts and electrodes for various applications; in the textile industry for spinnerets for man-made fibres; in the glass industry for molten glass equipment such as bushings for glass fibre production, crucibles, stirrers, etc.; in the chemical and petroleum industries as catalysts (e.g., in the ammonia-oxidation process for the manufacture of nitric acid or as a platforming catalyst); as chemical apparatus (e.g., crucibles); in the aircraft industry for electrodes of sparking plugs for spark-ignition internal combustion aero-engines and for ignition devices in gas-turbine aero-engines.

Platinum and its alloys also find a use in the manufacture of surgical instruments (particularly hypodermic needles), in certain gas lighters and for many other applications such as measuring standards, hair lines for optical instruments, etc.

(B) Palladium which is a silvery-white metal, soft, very ductile and highly resistant to tarnishing and corrosion. It dissolves in aqua regia and nitric acid and is attacked by hot sulphuric acid. Palladium can be made into bars, sheets, strip, tubes, wire or other semi-manufactured forms by forging, rolling or drawing.

It is mainly used for electrical contacts, in brazing alloys, in hydrogen purification equipment, as a hydrogenation catalyst, in the manufacture of jewellery and as an intermediate contact layer to facilitate the coating of plastics with precious metals.

(C) Rhodium which is a silvery-white, hard but ductile metal. It is characterised by its high reflectivity and has the highest electrical and thermal conductivities of all the platinum group metals. It is resistant to corrosion by nearly all aqueous solutions, including mineral acids even at high temperatures.

Rhodium may be made into bars, sheets, strip, wire and other semi-manufactured forms by forging, rolling or drawing.

Its major use is as an alloying addition to platinum and in this form it has several applications in the electrical and glass-making industries. Its low electrical resistance and high resistance to tarnishing make it suitable, in the electrodeposited form, for electrical contacts and for contact surfaces where wear resistance is of importance (e.g., in slip rings). It is also used as a catalyst and for plating silver or silver-plated cutlery and hollow-ware to give a tarnish resistant finish.

(D) Iridium which is a greyish-white, hard metal, resistant to the action of acids, including aqua regia, at normal and high temperatures.

It can be made into thin strip or wire by rolling and drawing.

Iridium is used as a constituent of alloys used for thermocouples, crucibles, or electrodes for aircraft-engine sparking plugs.

(E) Osmium which is the most refractory of the metals included in this heading. In the compact state it has a bluish-white colour similar to zinc and is resistant to acids. When finely divided, it is an amorphous black powder, and is attacked by nitric acid and aqua regia and is slowly oxidised in the atmosphere.

The metal is mainly used in various, hard, corrosion-resistant alloys used for tipping pen-nibs or instrument pivots. It is also used as a catalyst.

(F) Ruthenium which is a brittle, hard, grey metal. It has a high resistance to corrosion. It is unattacked by aqua regia, but is slowly attacked by solutions of sodium hypochlorite. It can be obtained on a small scale in the form of sheets, strip and wire.

It is used as an alloying addition to platinum, palladium, molybdenum, tungsten, etc. (e.g., for the manufacture of pen-nib points and compass pivots). It is also used as a catalyst and, in the electrodeposited form, for electrical contacts and for contact surfaces where wear resistance is of importance.

Under the terms of Note 5 to this Chapter (see General Explanatory Note), the alloys of platinum with other metals (gold, silver or base metals) which may fall in this heading, include :

(1) Platinum-rhodium alloys, - thermocouple wire; furnace windings; components in the glass industry; catalyst gauzes; spinnerets.

(2) Platinum-iridium alloys, - electrical contacts; jewellery; hypodermic needles.

(3) Platinum-ruthenium alloys, - electrical contacts.

(4) Platinum-copper alloys, (max. 5 % copper), - jewellery.

(5) Platinum-tungsten alloys, - valve electrode wires; spark-ignition wires.

(6) Platinum-cobalt alloys, - permanent magnets.

(7) Palladium-ruthenium alloys, - jewellery.

(8) Palladium-silver alloys, - brazing alloys; hydrogen diffusion membranes; electrical contacts.

(9) Palladium-copper alloys, - electrical contacts; brazing.

(10) Palladium-aluminium alloys, - fuse wire.

(11) Rhodium-iridium alloys, - thermocouples.

(12) Iridium-osmium alloys, - pen tips.

(13) Iridium-tungsten alloys, - high temperature springs.

(14) Gold-platinum alloys, - spinnerets.

(15) Gold-silver-palladium-copper alloys, - jewellery; electrical contact springs.

(16) Silver-copper-palladium alloys, - brazing alloys.

(17) Osmiridium (iridosmine), a natural alloy containing osmium, iridium, ruthenium and platinum; it is the main source of osmium.


71.11 Base metals, silver or gold, clad with platinum, not further worked than semi-manufactured.

Metals clad with precious metal (including those inlaid on base metal with precious metal) are defined in Note 7 to this Chapter and in the General Explanatory Note. They are usually presented in forms similar to those described for silver in the Explanatory Note to heading 71.07.

Base metals (e.g., copper, tungsten), silver or gold, clad with platinum are used mainly in jewellery and in electrical apparatus.

71.12 Waste and scrap of precious metal or of metal clad with precious metal; other waste and scrap containing precious metal or precious metal compounds, of a kind used principally for the recovery of precious metal.

This heading covers waste and scrap in metallic form fit only for the recovery of the precious metal, or for use as a basis for the manufacture of chemicals.

The heading also covers waste and scrap of any material containing precious metal or precious metal compounds, of a kind used principally for the recovery of precious metal.

It includes, in particular:

(A) Ash containing precious metal or precious metal compounds, arising from the incineration of photographic films, printed circuit boards, etc.

(B) Waste and residues derived from the mechanical working of precious metal or of metal clad with precious metal, in mints, goldsmiths’, silversmiths’, jewellers’ workshops, etc., for example, sweepings, dust, lemels, shavings, etc., resulting from shaping, drilling, working, etc.

(C) Scrap of worn-out or broken articles (tableware, goldsmiths’ or silversmiths’ wares, catalysts in the form of woven gauze, etc.) no longer fit for their original use. It does not extend to those which, with or without repair or renovation, can be reused for their former purposes, or which can be converted for other uses without being subjected to processes for the recovery of precious metals.

(D) Waste and scrap of photographic plates, film, paper, paperboard or textiles, containing precious metal in metallic form or in the form of compounds (e.g., silver halides).

(E) Waste and scrap of electronic circuit boards and similar carriers containing precious metal (e.g., gold or silver).

(F) Residues of metallurgical, electrolytic or chemical processes, containing precious metal (e.g., slags, sludges from electrolytic refining and plating, silver residues from photographic fixing baths)
Sub-Chapter III


JEWELLERY, GOLDSMITHS’ AND SILVERSMITHS’ WARES
AND OTHER ARTICLES

71.13 Articles of jewellery and parts thereof, of precious metal or of metal clad with precious metal.

This heading covers articles of jewellery as defined in Note 9 to this Chapter, wholly or partly or precious metal or metal clad with precious metal, that is:

(A) Small objects of personal adornment (gem-set or not) such as rings, bracelets, necklaces, brooches, ear-rings, neck chains, watch-chains and other ornamental chains; fobs, pendants, tie-pins and clips, cuff-links, dress-studs, buttons, etc.; religious or other crosses; medals and insignia; hat ornaments (pins, buckles, rings, etc.); ornaments for handbags; buckles and slides for belts, shoes, etc.; hair-slides, tiaras, dress combs and similar hair ornaments.

(B) Articles of personal use normally carried in the pocket, in the handbag or on the person such as cigar or cigarette cases, snuff boxes, spectacle cases, powder boxes, lipstick holders, pocket combs, cachou boxes, chain purses, rosaries, key rings.

To fall in this heading these articles must contain precious metal or metal clad with precious metal (including base metal inlaid with precious metal) to an extent exceeding minor constituents; (thus a cigarette case of base metal with a simple monogram of gold or silver remains classified as an article of base metal). Subject to this condition the goods may also contain pearls (natural, cultured or imitation), precious or semi-precious stones (natural, synthetic or reconstructed), imitation stones, or parts of tortoise-shell, mother of pearl, ivory, amber (natural or agglomerated), jet or coral.

The heading also covers unfinished or incomplete articles of jewellery and identifiable parts of jewellery, provided they contain precious metal or metal clad with precious metal to an extent exceeding minor constituents, for example, motifs for incorporation in rings, brooches, etc.

The heading excludes:

(a) Articles of heading 42.02 or 42.03 referred to in Note 2 (B) to Chapter 42.

(b) Goods of heading 43.03 or 43.04 (articles of furskin or of artificial fur).

(c) Footwear, headgear and other articles of Chapter 64 or 65 with parts of the materials of this Chapter.

(d) Imitation jewellery of heading 71.17.

(e) Coins, except those mounted as jewellery (heading 71.18 or Chapter 97).

(f) Articles of Chapter 90 (e.g., spectacles, lorgnettes, etc., and mountings therefor).

(g) Watches and wrist-watch bracelets (Chapter 91).

(h) Articles of Chapter 96, other than those of headings 96.01 to 96.06 or 96.15, for example, fountain pens, stylograph pens, pen-holders, pencil-holders and propelling pencils (also parts and fittings thereof); lighters, smoking pipes, cigar or cigarette holders, and parts thereof; scent or similar sprays of a kind used for toilet purposes, and heads therefor.

(ij) Articles of jewellery of an age exceeding 100 years (heading 97.06).


71.14 Articles of goldsmiths’ or silversmiths’ wares and parts thereof, of precious metal or of metal clad with precious metal.

This heading covers articles of goldsmiths’ or silversmiths’ wares as defined in Note 10 to this Chapter wholly or partly of precious metal or metal clad with precious metal. In general these goods are larger than articles of jewellery of heading 71.13; they include:

(A) Articles of tableware such as table knives, carving sets, spoons, forks; ladles; poultry or meat grips; trays, plates, soup or vegetable dishes and bowls; sauce-boats; fruit dishes; sugar-bowls, coffee-pots, teapots, tea or coffee cups; goblets; egg-cups, decanters, liqueur services; stands and baskets for bread, cake, fruit, etc.; fish-servers; cake servers; wine cooling buckets; cruets; sugar-tongs; knife-rests, serviette rings; table bells; ornamental stoppers, etc.

(B) Toilet articles such as hand mirrors; bottles and powder boxes (other than those of heading 71.13); brush boxes, clothes brushes, nail brushes, hair brushes, combs (other than dress combs and pocket combs - heading 71.13); jugs, etc. Scent sprays are excluded (heading 96.16).

(C) Office or desk equipment such as ink-pots, ink-stands, book-ends, paperweights, paper-knives.

(D) Smokers’ requisites such as cigar or cigarette boxes, tobacco jars, ashtrays, matchbox holders, etc.; but not including articles of heading 96.13 or 96.14 (cigarette and other lighters, smoking pipes, cigarette holders, etc.)

(E) Other articles for domestic or similar use, for example, busts, statuettes and other figures for interior decoration; jewel cases; table centre-pieces, vases, jardinières; picture frames; lamps, candelabra, candlesticks, chandeliers; mantelpiece ornaments, decorative dishes and plates, medals and medallions (other than those for personal adornment); sporting trophies; perfume burners, etc.

(F) Articles for religious use such as reliquaries, chalices, ciboriums, monstrances, crucifixes, candlesticks, lamps.

The heading also covers unfinished or incomplete articles of goldsmiths’ or silversmiths’ wares and identifiable parts of goldsmiths’ or silversmiths’ wares, for example, silver handles for tableware, silver backs for toilet brushes, etc.

Like jewellery and subject to the same reservation as regards minor constituents, the goods of this heading must contain precious metal or metal clad with precious metal; they may also contain pearls (natural, cultured or imitation) precious or semi-precious stones (natural, synthetic or reconstructed), imitation stones, tortoise-shell, mother of pearl, ivory, amber (natural or agglomerated), jet or coral.

The heading excludes:

(a) Umbrellas, walking-sticks and other articles of heading 66.01 or 66.02 having fittings in materials of this Chapter, as well as parts, fittings and accessories of these articles, wholly or partly of these materials (heading 66.03).

(b) Articles of Chapter 90 (e.g., binoculars and telescopes).

(c) Clocks and watches and their cases (Chapter 91).

(d) Musical instruments (Chapter 92).

(e) Arms and parts thereof of Chapter 93 (side-arms, pistols, revolvers, etc.).

(f) Scent and similar sprays of a kind used for toilet purposes, and heads therefor (heading 96.16).

(g) Original statuary or sculptures (heading 97.03) collectors’ pieces of heading 97.05 and antiques of heading 97.06.


71.15 Other articles of precious metal or of metal clad with precious metal.

This heading covers all articles wholly or partly of precious metal or metal clad with precious metal not constituting jewellery, unfinished or incomplete articles of jewellery or parts of jewellery (heading 71.13) or goldsmiths’ or silversmiths’ wares, unfinished or incomplete articles of goldsmiths’ or silversmiths’ wares or parts thereof (heading 71.14), and not excluded under the provisions of Note 2 (A) or 3 to this Chapter.

The heading does not cover, for example:

(a) Articles in which precious metal or metal clad with precious metal is present as minor constituents only.

(b) Sterile surgical suture materials, dental fillings and other goods of Chapter 30.

(c) Woven fabrics of heading 58.09 and other goods of Section XI.

(d) Machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical goods and identifiable parts thereof, of Section XVI (for example, platinum extrusion spinnerets, anti-friction bearings, parts of chemical or industrial machinery, electrical contacts).

(e) Articles of Chapter 90 (for example, artificial limbs, teeth and other artificial parts of the body; fracture plates, medical or surgical instruments, pyrometers with thermocouples of precious metals; laboratory instruments and apparatus and parts thereof of gold, silver or platinum); articles of Chapter 91 (clocks and watches), or of Chapter 96 (e.g., platinum-sponge gas lighters).

This heading is therefore largely confined to articles for technical or laboratory use such as crucibles, cupels and certain spatulas (e.g., of platinum or metals of the platinum group); platinum or platinum alloy in the form of cloth or grill for use as catalysts, etc.; vessels (whether or not lined or heat-insulated), not fitted nor designed to be fitted with mechanical or thermal equipment; electroplating anodes. Gold anodes may be in the form of sheets of pure gold cut to the required size and drilled at two corners for attachment of hooks for suspending them in the electro-plating tank. Silver anodes may also be in this form or in the form of extruded sections having a “ dog-bone ” cross-section and drilled at each end. Platinum anodes usually consist either of small corrugated platinum sheets or strips to which a narrow strip of platinum has been welded for suspending them in the electrolytic plating tank or of platinum wire gauze fitted with a piece of platinum wire or narrow strip of platinum gauze for suspension purposes.

This heading also covers articles such as handbags, etc., in which the precious metal or metal clad with precious metal gives the article its essential character. Such articles may incorporate pearls, precious stones, semi-precious stones, tortoise-shell, etc., as fittings or ornamentation.


71.16 Articles of natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones (natural, synthetic or reconstructed).

This heading covers all articles (other than those excluded by Notes 2 (B) and 3 to this Chapter), wholly of natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones, or consisting partly of natural or cultured pearls or precious or semi-precious stones, but not containing precious metals or metals clad with precious metal (except as minor constituents) (see
Note 2 (B) to this Chapter).

It thus includes:

(A) Articles of personal adornment and other decorated articles (e.g., clasps and frames for handbags, etc; combs, brushes; ear-rings; cuff-links, dress-studs and the like) containing natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones (natural, synthetic or reconstructed), set or mounted on base metal (whether or not plated with precious metal), ivory, wood, plastics, etc.

It includes pearls or stones graded according to size, quality, shade, etc., and constituting an article ready for use as jewellery. But the heading excludes ungraded or graded pearls and ungraded stones merely temporarily strung for facility of transport without any setting or fitting of metal or other material; these fall in heading 71.01, 71.03 or 71.04 (see Explanatory Notes to headings 71.01 to 71.03).

Under Note 2 (B) to this Chapter the goods of this heading may contain precious metal or metal clad with precious metal as minor constituents (e.g., a pearl necklace with a gold fastener). On the other hand the heading does not cover goods (e.g., ear-rings with gold clips) in which the precious metal or metal clad with precious metal amounts to more than minor constituents (heading 71.13).

(B) Other articles consisting wholly or partly of precious or semi-precious stones; these may also contain other materials including precious metal or metal clad with precious metal, provided that the precious metal or metal clad with precious metal is present as minor constituents only. Subject to these conditions, the heading therefore covers crosses and rings (frequently in agate), bracelets (other than wrist-watch bracelets), goblets and cups (often in garnet); statuettes and ornamental articles (e.g., of jade); mortars and pestles (e.g., in agate); knife edges or bearings of agate or other precious or semi-precious stones for weighing apparatus; agate thread spinning guides; decorative corks with heads of agate, etc.; agate burnishing tools used for gilding, for polishing leather, paper, etc.; agate rings for fishing rods, paper-knives, ink-stands, paperweights, ashtrays (e.g., of agate or onyx).

The heading does not cover:

(a) Goods of Chapter 82 with a working part of precious or semi-precious stones (natural, synthetic or reconstructed) on a support of base metal, metal carbide or cermet, whether or not assembled (e.g., mounted glaziers’ diamonds).

(b) Machinery, mechanical appliances or electrical goods and parts thereof of Section XVI, (see
Note 3 (k) to this Chapter).

(c) Articles of Chapter 90, such as mounted or unmounted optical elements of quartz, suitable for fitting to instruments or appliances.

(d) Worked precious or semi-precious stones, mounted or not, being parts of clocks or watches, or parts suitable for use both in clocks or watches and in other articles (see Note 4 to Chapter 91).


71.17 Imitation jewellery.

For the purposes of this heading, the expression imitation jewellery, as defined in Note 11 to this Chapter, is restricted to small objects of personal adornment, such as those listed in paragraph (A) of the Explanatory Note to heading 71.13, e.g., rings, bracelets (other than wrist-watch bracelets), necklaces, ear-rings, cuff-links, etc., but not including buttons and other articles of heading 96.06, or dress combs, hair-slides or the like, and hair-pins of heading 96.15, provided they do not incorporate precious metal or metal clad with precious metal (except as plating or as minor constituents as defined in Note 2 (A) to this Chapter, e.g., monograms, ferrules and rims) nor natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones (natural, synthetic or reconstructed).

The heading also covers unfinished or incomplete articles of imitation jewellery (ear-rings, bracelets, necklaces, etc.), such as:

(a) Semi-finished split rings, consisting of anodised aluminium wire, usually twisted or surface worked, whether or not fitted with a crude clasp, sometimes used as ear-rings without further working;

(b) Ornamental motifs of base metal, whether or not polished, assembled by small links into strips of indefinite length.

It is to be noted that articles of personal use of a kind normally carried in the pocket, in the handbag or on the person, such as those listed in paragraph (B) of the Explanatory Note to heading 71.13 (cigarette cases, powder boxes, etc.) are not regarded as imitation jewellery.

The heading also excludes:

(a) Articles specified in Note 3 to this Chapter.

(b) Articles of heading 83.08 (buckles, buckle-clasps, clasps, hooks, eyelets, etc.).

71.18 Coin.

This heading applies to coins of any metal (including precious metals) of officially prescribed weight and design, issued under government control for use as legal tender. Consignments of individual coins or of sets of coins which are legal tender in the country of issue are classified in this heading even if they are put up for general sale in presentation cases. The heading includes coin which is no longer legal tender but it excludes collectors’ pieces (see Explanatory Note to heading 97.05).

Coins are made by stamping out blanks from sheet metal; these are then “struck” with the appropriate dies to produce simultaneously the designs on the two faces.

The heading does not cover:

(a) Medals even if “struck” in the same way as coins; these usually fall in heading 71.13, 71.14 or 71.17 or heading 83.06 (see corresponding Explanatory Notes).

(b) Coins mounted in brooches, tie-pins or other objects of personal adornment (heading 71.13 or 71.17).

(c) Broken, cut or battered coins of a kind usable only as scrap or waste metal.
°
° °

Subheading Explanatory Note.

Subheading 7118.10.

This subheading includes:

(1) Coins which were legal tender but have been withdrawn from circulation.

(2) Coins struck in one country to be put into circulation in another country; at the time of crossing the frontier, they are not yet issued as legal tender by the competent authority.
*
* *
ANNEX

List of precious or semi-precious stones falling in heading 71.03.

Mineral Commercial name
Amblygonite Amblygonite
Montebrasite
Amphiboles (group of)
Actinolite Actinolite, Nephrite, Jade
Tremolite Tremolite
Rhodonite Rhodonite
Andalusite Andalusite
Chiastolite
Apatite Apatite (all colours)
Aragonite Aragonite, Ammolite
Axinite Axinite
Azurite Azurite (Chessylite)
Azurite-Malachite
Benitoite Benitoite
Beryl Emerald
Aquamarine
Colourless Beryl-Goshenite
Yellow Beryl
Pink Beryl-Morganite
Heliodor
Golden Beryl
Green Beryl
Red Beryl, Bixbite
Beryllonite Beryllonite
Brazilianite Brazilianite
Calcite Calcite
Cassiterite Cassiterite
Cerussite Cerussite
Chrysoberyl Chrysoberyl
Chrysoberyl Cat’s-eye
Alexandrite
Alexandrite Cat’s-eye
Chrysocolla Chrysocolla
Cordierite Cordierite
Iolite
Corundum Ruby
Star-Ruby
Sapphire
Star-Sapphire
Sapphire Cat’s-eye
Sapphire or Corundum with
colour designation
Padparadschah (orange)
Black Star-Sapphire, etc.
Danburite Danburite
Datolite Datolite
Diaspore Diaspore
Dumortierite Dumortierite
Epidote Epidote
Euclase Euclase
Feldspar (group of)
Albite Albite
Maw-sit-sit/Jadeite Albite
Labradorite
Labradorite, Spectrolite
Microcline Amazonite, Microcline
Oligoclase Aventurine Feldspar
Sunstone
Orthoclase Orthoclase (yellow)
Moonstone
Fluorite Fluorite
(Fluorspar) (Fluorspar)
Garnet (group of)
Almandine Garnet, Almandine
Garnet, Rhodolite
Andradite Garnet, Andradite
Garnet, Demantoid
Garnet, Melanite
Grossular Garnet, Grossular
varied colours
Garnet, Grossular Chrome
Tsavolite
Garnet, Hessonite
Pyrope Garnet, Pyrope
Spessartite Garnet, Spessartite
Hematite Hematite
Idocrase Idocrase
Vesuvianite
Californite
Kornerupine Kornerupine
Kyanite Kyanite
Lazurite Lazurite
Lapis-lazuli
Lapis
Lazulite Lazulite
Malachite Malachite
Marcasite Marcasite
Obsidian (volcanic glass) Obsidian
Olivine Peridot
Opal Opal, Black Opal
Boulder Opal
Fire Opal
Harlequin Opal
Moss Opal, Prase Opal
Opal Matrix
Water Opal
Wood Opal
Prehnite Prehnite
Pyrites Pyrites (Marcasite)
Pyrophyllite Pyrophyllite
Pyroxene (group of)
Diopside Diopside
Star-Diopside
Enstatite-Hypersthene Enstatite-Hypersthene
Jadeite Jadeite, Jade
Chloromelanite
Spodumene Spodumene (all colours)
Kunzite
Hiddenite
Quartz Agate (various colours)
Fire Agate
Onyx
Sardonyx
Amethyst
Aventurine Quartz
Aventurine
Blue Quartz
Chalcedony
Chrysoprase
Citrine, yellow quartz
Cornelian
Green Quartz, Prasiollite
Heliotrope, Bloodstone,
Jasper
Multicoloured Jasper
Orbicular Jasper
Silex
Morion, Cairngorm
Moss-Agate
Agate Dendritic
Banded Agate
Prase
Quartz Cat’s-eye
Quartz Falcon’s-eye
Quartz Tiger’s-eye
Rock Crystal, Quartz
Rose Quartz
Smoky Quartz
Violet Quartz
Rhodochrosite Rhodochrosite
Scapolite Scapolite
Serpentine Bowenite
Serpentine
Verd Antique
Williamsite
Sinhalite Sinhalite
Sodalite Sodalite
Smithsonite Smithsonite, Bonamite
Sphalerite Sphalerite Blende
Spinel Spinel (all colours)
Pleonaste Black Spinel
Sphene (Titanite) Sphene
Topaz Topaz (all colours)
Tourmaline Tourmaline (all colours)
Anchroite
Dravite
Indigolite
Rubellite
Tourmaline Cat’s-eye
Tugtupite Tugtupite
Turquoise Turquoise
Turquoise Matrix
Variscite Variscite
Verdite Verdite
Vesuvianite (see Idocrase)
Zircon Zircon (all colours)
Zoisite Zoisite (all colours)
Tanzanite
Thulite



ULTIMO CAMBIO D.O.F.